Clackamas River Farnell� , ' 1T/��
P�c��i(°�":�ILITY �t�}Y
by
James E. Farnell, Ph.D.
R.esearch Analyst
DIVISIt}N OF G Z,��S
Salem, Oregon
Fehruary, 1979
�
i .: Y: � �. � +��[s3.i
Under the Equal Foo�i.ng clause af the Oregon Admissions Ac�, the iJnited
States Govern�en� transferred ownership of �he beds of all navigable water-
ways to the State of Oregon in 1859. At the time of this report, the full
extent of Oregon's ownership is unknown. The pres�nt development tren8s
alon_q our watexways make it apparent that the loeation of the State/private
branndaries is of extreme importance. The 1973 Legislature recognized this
and passed �RS 274.029-034. This iaw directs the Division of State Larads
to make a study of all Oregan's waterways and �o make public their find�ngs.
This regort is the Divisiora's study of the Clackamas River.
���
- . _ - • - . -. . . „ _ _, . -.. . .; - - -
. • _ -. `-
,_ , � _.. - . . .- - .. - . - . .
counties to be settled. Few persons are stc3.11 a�ive who can �emember these
uses so the evidence is virtua�ly all of a li�erary nat�xre, mueh csf �t from
EQ�i.r vi�c c�sdt �aQPq= �'2�e�e sources ar� found in fihe footnates at the
end of the �epart; as they are convenient3.y grouped there, no bibliography
has been appended to this study.
�3
The researcher wishes to thanSc the staffs of the following aqencies and
instatutions which aided his gesearch on this river:
Clackamas County Cour�hou4se
Oregon State Library
Oregon S�.ate Rrchives
Oregon City Public Library
University of Oregon Lib�axy
Watex Resources Department
Oregon Department of Fish and
5vildlife
Special thanks are 8ue to ttae Oregon Historical Soc�ety for pez°�rission to use
photographs fro� theis calle�tion, and to four indiv�.du�ls who shared their
krsowledge af tlle early eo�erciai use �g the Clacka��.s River: L. Verle
Mv�npawer, Ralph �ohn��n, Alrs. ('�eorqia Gaca�l�, and �lilmer Garc�ner, the latter
of 4he Clacka�s County �iistazi.cal Society.
1
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The Clacka�as Itiv�r �s�n i� locat�d i� �k�e Cascade Sub-basin of the Lawer
Willamette �iver Basin. It drains an area of 937 square �nile� approximately
56 miles lcng and 32 miles wide, virtually all of which is in Clackamas
County (Fig. 1}.� T2�se rieer oriqinates in Fixst Y�ke abou� 5 miles north of
I�ount Jefferson at 5,000 feet altitude mnd flows northwest, t.hen w�st to its
uth 1.5 siiles below the falls of the Willame�te River. Rs the acco�paaying
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divi.ded by a bly island, running over �eductiv� ri.ffles, and swirling inta
de�p. cyuie� I�." (�'ig. 3) 3
Virtually alI of �e tributar�es i�ve size le f�ll� ne�° eir �n into
the Clack s River; this inclu�ea even R�k Creek which enters at Rrt 6.5
and has a 12-foot falls .6 0� a aeile from i�s n�uth.`� In 1960 the tributa�ies
_ _ . . - --. _ � _ ,._ _. ... .,.- -.
The fol3owing table shows Y�e stream flow data for the main s�ea� of the
C3ack s River:
12M
47.8
23m1
4.8,
1.2
. .
� .,_
� - -
-. „ -
Period of Average Discharge
Record C.F.S. Max. Min.
I921-77 I,993 68,20b 324
1908-77 2,753 86,900 50
1962-77 3,718 120p000 336
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f FEATURE EXISTING
RVO�R
RMOUSE
NVEN710NAL ■
MPED STORA6E
.INE . � --
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Figure 3
Clackamas River R.M, 13 #r3m garton Bridge A� Upsiream B} Dawnstregm
8
5
VIGA�YZ.YTY
T'�e early ferg°i�s over �he �lack s are ap�2� descrfbed by historian
of �he cour►fiy. V'�ra a�in Lynch:
The Clac s River with its deep, swift current had a number of
ferriese One near the mouth was installed by the Rinears�n
brothers, Peter and 3acob, Wheaz Feter's sons were old enough, _
one was generally near to run the ferry. gendall Cason had a
ferry before a bridqe was built across at Park Place. After it
�s construcfied the roads from Clack�aas and the River laoad were •
joined. and both ferries were disconti.nued. Baker's ferry at
Carver gave good service to travelers on the �arloca Itaad who had
not cros�d ast Feldenhe' r`� fe upriver. (Fiq. 4D
Willian► �a Sanitp► was grantec3 a ferry li�ense from his resiclence on the
Cl.ac � to an Yndian village apposite on Febrn 2Z, 1848 (exact location
undete�ined) .
One of �kae ear2ie�t navigational us�s �f the Clackamas River was the t�ans-
g�rt �f s ne fr e on e south banle f�a tc�x� pres�r�t � �f C ve�,
� g r���` �� Qg �g ��ack,�aas County Aistorical Society reported
that a . Hack�t of .that who was 3.n his 90'� during the 194a°s used to
recal3 t sbone was floate� f the quarry to the Willaaeette Locks
beginn�nq in 186� d�o bu�ldi.ng sit�s va Portland. Confi tion of this
recollection occur� iix a U.So Engiraeers' regort of 18�8 which st�ted �hhat;
"The river never has beer� navigated, eaccept that a few sca�r-laad� of rock
have been drifted fro� the quagries �t a favorabZe state of water."
W. Young Captain of Enqineers, located th� qu�rries: "There has been a
quarry o n�d iai one of these bluffs at a pof.nt ut ? mi.les above the
arautta of the river. which, it is cTa�ned, furnishes good builda.nq rock. If
�e river were ' rovecl �tai� xock could be eheaply shipped to Poztland."
The Oreaonian xeported in 1869 t the Iadd & Tiltan building had its
still course d� of st�nes fzo� one of the Cl.a�lc s quarries.
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There �re sa ills an th� Clack s and its ib�star�,e� fra� the firs� days
of white settle�tent. lLot Whitc wrote after t�e flood af December 1849 that
"all (sa i21s] bu� one on the Clack s'° had been washed away. In 1.850
Philip Foster established a sawmi.11 an_Eagle Creek which enters the Clack�as
at RM 16.8e Ernest �urghaxdt built a sawmi.11 on Deep Creek in 1856. In
1872 there �as a sa�as.11 near Viola on Clear Creek. Wtiether these mills
_:.'_• - _ -.. .„ • ' _ - .-� . ;:�-• r. as� _:�:� •s � • .�' ' .
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•. �.� 1 ' � �_. • ': �s . • _ ii�._ .. .. _ :, _ . ..� - i • :.. _ •� � • .:
Eagl� Creek precinct obtained his Iog� from tkee Clackamas River.
- ••: -,. . .. . . . -. ,..•- - . _ .,
There �s an abundance of various kind� of t3.mber for lumber, pulp,
etc., on and �ributary to the river. Yt is easier, however, to
run logs down to market in �he presen� condition of the river than
it wouid be �� tow th�n, or to ship lumber over an i.mp�$ved river,
when dams would prevent the running of loc�s and rafts.
The report does notc �ke it quite elear, however, if the river was so exsed.
� �. . ..« - -- . - : _�„. . .. . . . _ _ � . _
- .- .- . - -- - . _ _ _, _ . - .:---.
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E3
�lac��as �ver (�i �e8� , avai�ed h�self of its protec�ion. On October
1, 3.893 h� r�qist�r�d "as a�ark and �esign�tion of all s�id logs o�ned by me.
and Gu�t adjac�nt °��, and driv�n down s�id streaffi [the C2�ckaa�as, : a cross.'
kie pat the �as� to use as �o loggers' liens give eviden�e.
J. Jm Fan}cg� alaaans a lien upon sa� logs being �bout thi�ty �ight hundred
�re car l�ss �hich were c�iven_ down the Clackamas rav�r £rom about t� ini.2es
above �he mouth of Deep cre�k in Clackarmas couraty, Sta�.e �af Oregon.
Said logs ase anar�s�i �hus.(+) on one end. and are now lying in th�
Cla�3ca�aas Ri�er, ss� anore strictly speaDcing in the rac� and bo� of said
Har�ey �a �r��sm
_ .._ ..- - . - . .- -- . -a�.- . . :• _ . _ .,. ... -.
th� dra.vee The nex� March J. C. E`rost had 500,�00 board feet of saw logs
�a�Dc�d "�°' l�ar;g °'ara C3.ear Creek about orae half male from the confluence
of sai.d cre�� with the Clac s riv��° ready to be driven t� the Cross mil�m
_.. . , ,..- . .._ _ •, s•'♦ _ .. 1�. -. . . - . ;
f�aly, ��ca�.2�ci �at logs camm� ai�wn river inito Crass's mi12 x�ce which was
� ... _ ,. ,� .
'�'I�e �lazkson aaad fi�clrvin Boo� ��amany appr�ach�d ttxe C].ackamas Connty
Co�nission��s in 3une 1�96 far pe�mi.�sa�on to improve the �lack�aoas as
„ a g�ubl�c h�.gh�a� fa� the f3.o�ting a.°�d �ran�porting of logs, Pilings and
�l.es" �eci �.ez�s� the riuer so �hat i� c�uld collect toll.s for th� rafting�
flcaat;.gag �ad bc+oa�a.rag o� l.ogs, Filings and poles upon it.'° Cross appeared in
.... . ,. ._ , - .�, _ . - .. - _ _ _ _ .. . ,
,. _. , _ ;. . - - -. . .: . .. -,.- .- � .- ,
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�aifi.k� the in�.�rs�ion �f r�alizing his 1.og supply fr�m th� said river ..... the
rig�t �Q float and txan�p�rt Zogs at his owst e�nse f�r th� us� of his own
mi.11 at pr�sei�� lor.���d upon said Clackamas river fz�m any point on said stream
abov� sa�.d astill t� said �►ill'° �t a r�e�3uc�d tall. Cordwooc3, £irera�d, posts,
9
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Mclrvin stated in an I896 issue af the Oregonian, th�ey "found the matter of
improvinc� the river at its mouth on� of'considerably greater difficulty than
was at first supposed."
This did not grevent thean fzom exploiting the river co�eunerciaily as irhe same
lumber or shingl� bolts, a�d skif�s, flatboats or such craft were also e��mp�
from paygn�n� of tolls to the boam company, exceptions which may have msant
23
that such items �rere also floatec� on the river at �hat date.
The sections �f the river upon which the booaa campany proposed to charge tolls
are of some ir�terest. These were t:he river below Eagle Creek, below th� mouth
of B�ep Creek [RA4 12], and portions of Deep Creek (Fig. qe The l�oom company
d�d not comgalet� its azrangements for l�asing the Clackaznas because, as Mr.
news st�ry, "Timb�r from the Clackamas" related:
The Clarkson '& Aiclr`r3.n Boom �omPany hav� taken 240, 00� f��t of piling
out of �Y►e Clackamas ri�er c�uring the pas� two nth�: Thirty ta �Q
men have been kept employed q�tting out the timber,.one gang bei.nq oat
Deea creek and ano�her at Feldenheimer's plac�.
'i'he company has now in the river 250,000 feet of timber wai�.ing fo� a'rise
of water that will admit ot its being run out and,befoze the rise comes
it is expected 250,Od0 fee� more wil2 be ready to boom. Most af this zs
�o�g stuff and an��t of it i.s ye2la�r firo
Mr. Mclrvin says the caa�pany will driwe on the x°iver until alI the
merchan�ab2e �imber is ta�cen out, which will be a number of years, far the
supply is imm�nse. He says that ich+e quality of poplar and larch of the 24
Clackamas river is not suxpasse d by that of any tributary to the Colt�bia.
During ttae next two years, I897 and 1898, Philip Haviland coatracted with at
l�ast three perso�s �to get white, red and yellacv fir and cottonwood logs from
RM 23, �e £�raa of Htenry T.,caon�y, and perhaps from other points,on the Clackamas
to the rive��s mouth. 3. F. Ha�akes obtain�c3 200 �ilinqs fram Loaney in 1902
which were destine� f�r tiawkes' boo� on R�ck Isl.and, two zni1�5 below the nauth
of,,the �lack�mas an the i�ill.�ccette River. The next y�ar the U.S. Geological
Survey rea;ogni�ed this navic}ab�e use of the Clackaaeeas wi�en it reported that the
11
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Figure 6B
Deep Cre�k from Hwy 22�+
Bridgs upstream,
9 Febru�ry l97�
�.2
�,��ru (;reek, Fc' fv1 0�, 9 Fei>ruc�ry I��'�+ Fiqure c�1
�iver was used for log and shingle bo3t driving.
Still later, on April 27,
I912, L. C, and Fred Himler agreed to float 10,000 sticks of railroad taes
c3�rwra the main channei of the Clackamas fran the J. B. Cumins sawntill near Barton
fRM 33; Fig. � to Park Place. The drives were to coasist of not less than
' 6,000 nor znore than IS,OOO ties per drive and no driving was to occur after
October I, 2912. These sfiipulations unere probably in part meant to miniiaize .
loss of the ties iz� the river's difficult currents. The Himler brothers later
claimed to have run a tota2 of 40,337 ties between May l and November 1, 1912,
enough to Toad 55 railroad cars. They valued.fiheir serviees a� $1,513.48.
Same �lclerly residents along the Clackamas can stil� remember these log dzives
on the river. Mrsa Georgia �oade eit�d above was one. Ra2ph 3ohnston, bom
in 1897 �ras six or s�ven years of age at the time he recalls railroad ties
beang float�d daMrra the Clackamas Riv�r froan Barton to Gladstone,.the same
ro�t� a� �at claim�d by the Hi.mler brothers ve.
The most sustained rememtorance of log c�r3ving on the CYackamas R�vsr is that
of Mre L. Verle Mumpower of Carver, a descendant of a pioneer family whose
fa�.hPr ran a small mi3.A, very like fiha� in t.he television series The Waltons
(F�g. ?) . It produced abvut 4,000 feet a day. During four or five years
a�ound 1911 �he sa�amill receivecT logs �loa�ed dcwn the Clackamas in small lots
by farmers clea�ing t3ieir Iands. The logs were held by a sheer boom adjacent
t4 the mill si�e beside Bakex�°s B�idgs a� Carver (RM 8; Figs. 8-1Q). As
�. �tut�power report�d q, There was on2y just a fe� log� along the river to cut
up. cdt:�s� tYaey �rer� eut up, �aell the mill was abandaned -- it was moved away
f��n there." The ium�er from farmers' trees was �oT,d back to the fanners
32
14cally, "T3�eze was never any�ha.ng shipped on cars from thas mill.°' During
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1915 a farmer, Alvin Cla�k, attach�d 350,40a feet of cedar and fir logs Iying
by the C18c ��ear RM 19, perhaps des�ined for �his �i12.
MMx°°. Mumpower also recallec3 that abaut 19I9 he participated one su�ner in
drivinq eight-foot logs to t:he railroad tie miil'at Barton. It was a four or
five man operatior� assisted by ane horse and a boa� for equipment and luncheso
Only a few miles of the river above ttie mill were driven; the section was
below �hhe Rivez�ill.power dam. He though�t the present sate of Aiclver S�ate
Park (RM'20.St Fig.11) was the highest point from which they drave l.ogs to
Bartona' Logs were anly floated in sunnner because �h� mi1.I had lost a hoomful
durinq one period of high water. Because the river was Iow in that season,
the drivinq was aLnos� always a�sisted by a flash released by the power company
from its daa� (RM 23} .
During Ch� same year 1919 W. R. C ings fel�ed 300,000 feet of bastard fir
l�gs bet�*�n Auge�s� 25 �n� @ctober 10 rahich �re on Iand acijoining the
C7.ackamas. �ao hundred thousand f�et of number ons c�n fir logs from the
same cutc were alreaciy �eing transpor�ed on the Clackamas b�tween Bartan
(RM 13; Fig. 3) and �arver (RM 8), the only logs zn that section of the river
at that date according to Cummings' statement.
� ,, . _ .- _ .. . . ... . . .. -. . - . _ . ., � ,
the Paper Trade Journal of May 9, 1885. H. Le Pittock moved his paper mill
from Park Place on the Clackamas to Ca�as Washington in �.885 and the joumal
_,., _,
The fixst woad pulp ever manufactured in the far Piorthwest was made
two wee}cs ago at the new mill.s of the Columbia River Pap�� Company
a� La Camas, Washf.rigton Territory. Cottonwood was used.
18
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19
FISH TRP�NSPORT
, . - . ��, �_ _ � � _ _ � . . ; .. .. - _ .
3ohnston was gill net fishinge Before the closure of the river in 1910 and
during the Autunus of 1918 during tdorld War I, coaanercial fishe�nen would
bring their boats from Park Place to Feldheimer or Feldenheimer's Ferry Site
(RM 19) above Eagle Creek or ta Paradise Park (RM 20� Fig.11) to hegin their
drift. ��
In �he cYear waCers of the Ciac}camas gishsng was done mostly at night and with
set gill nets. In the maming the cat�h was floated to the mouth, where it
was sold, much of it �a the Portland Fish Co:npany. That company represented
i.tsel£ �nd thirty-si.x gill net fishermen of the Willamette River b�low the
Oregon Cit�r falls and of the Clack�cas R:iver in a suit agairist the f�sh
c issioners fer closing the Clackamas and Will�nette at the falls to fishing
d�riaig the Sprinq s�ason of I910 (56 Or 147, 1910) . ' While the suit stated
th�t these fishermen alternately fished the Clackamas and the Wil.lamette
(Fig. i2}��, t�e fish coamiissioners stated that five or sizc fishermen regularly
usec� gill nets on the Clackamas in the stzetch of the river specified above.�
Among the gill n�t fishermen of the Clackamas zemembered locally were members
of the Hia�].er family. They were not part of the 192Q suit, but i.n April
1899 Lewis iiimler.vaas convicted of fishing ill�gally for salm�n in the Clackarnas
and his equipanent was seized, °'to-wit: Orie fishing boat, double ender, 18 feet
in lengfih, and 45 fathoms of gi11 net, I7 me�shes deep, faur oars, 6 oar locks,
3 rubber coats, one mess box, one nx and one gaff hook." This did not cause
L�wis to desist and the next mont.h he rvas again appx�ehended and another gill
net was sei�ed. Henry Hi.mler was �lso cit�d in 1907 for fishing the Clackamas
during closed season.`� of the Clackamas gill net fishern�n apg�rently
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3910.
RECREATIONRL USR
Since the nineteenth century the Clackamas River has been heavily used by
sports fishermen and pleasure boaters. Because of its proximity �o Portland
it continues to be heavily used for these purposes. During the I975 and
I976 salmon fishing seasons which ex�end �rom late November until early
June, the Oregon Department of Fish and hTildlife es�imates from salmon
catch figures that approximately 7,4�0 hoats used the river below �he
Estacada dam during the f.irst year �nd 12,40� durinq the second. 1976 was
the more- typical year. This means an average daily use of the river
during the season of close to fi�ty boa�s per day. The total is augmented
by other pleasure boaters plus ruhk�er raft users on the upper stre�ches of
the river.
22
1YL�1� �1[_i� ����
d!d'�].C3c3'��.QIS Of d..'d@ L'1$CaCdl9tdS` d�A���' W�.S 11�V�Y' dOfl� L� .S'tBdIIt�Oatw D@CdlI.4@ 1�
�l�eed t�ro�agh one of �h� sarlp areas of settlement, ka�wever, the stx°�� �a�
us�d for sQVeral purposes of co rcia3 transport before railroads penetrated
�he reg�on. Thes� in�luded the floating of logs and transgort of buildinq
s�mne and fi�h. The area of the river which had these inultipl� navigational
u�es caa� the anaan stem froaa Feldenheimer's Ferry site at River Mile 29 to the
xa�uth. �e usag� was cora�entzated in the months March throuqh *Tovember �nd
accurred from at 3.east 2868 to 1919. The ordinary f].ow of the streaa� suppoxted
all of this use excep� �'ar �ome assastance to log dziving in the section belo�v
R�ver Mile 23 by reiease of Estacada power daaa water during the years af Wor3d
t�dar I. T'2nere was apparently also us� af portions of Deep, Clear and Rock
Creeks at varions ti.mes for l.og driving with �he ordinary flord of th�se stxeaaoso
Despite thi� evidence of comm�rcial naeigation of tYa� Clackamas, there are two
county doc�ents which state that the stream i� not a navigable river. The
first is the County C issioners' 3ournal for 189b w�ich sta�.es �hat "the
Clack�as river in th� County of Clacka�as State of Oregon has not nor has
any gortion �.her�of �e�n declared by law to be navigable, and that said river
�d the �rl��l� �ereof from it� �ource to its mvuth is not in fact navigable
f�r commerci.a�l. paarp�ses; that said river is susceptible of being made and
ouqht in the publa.c �.nteres� be made a public hiqhway for the flaating and
�,�araspar�atic�n af �.ogss pils.ng ancl poles." �`hi� definit��n woesld, however,
satisfy �h� later UmS. Supr�me Couzt tests of naviga3�ility in fact for title
purposes. Secor<dly, w�thoezt acidressing the issue of de facto nanigation� the
23
Clackamas County Ci�cuit Coalrt � the case of William E. 3mith v. Jnlius
L. Meyer, et al iai whach the State Land Board of the State of Oregon was one
of the defea�dants f�und that "the.said C�.ackam�s River is a non-naviqable
stream, and that the plaintiff is a riparian proprietor upon'said stream°
and furthexaxare that the �tate Land Board's claim was "without any right
wkaatever" in the property at issue �hich bardered the Clackamas River,
24
ix� �,t +
River I�iles throughout this report are taken fro� Oregon State Water Resou�ces
�C2dYd p °B G411.1dYCE't 1 �£ D�'al%1dQe $3S1Y2 s n �d� �O • 2 . � .
1.` UeS. Fed�ral Po�aer Cogunission, Bureau of Power, Water Resour�es l�ppraisal
fox H ydroelectric Licansing: Clackamas River Basin (1973), pp. iv .
2. Ibid.. P. 27.
3. Rudyard Kipling, From Sea to Sea (N.X., 1899?, II, 106<
4. Osegon Fish. Coie�missicsng Research Division, Envirorsm�ntal Survey Repart
Per�ainina to Sal.mon ar�d Steelhead. II. Survey Reparts of the Willamette
River asid its Trik�utaries, by R. A. Wi71is, Ma D. Collins, and R< E.
Sans (Clackamas, 1960), pp.11l-12, 125-26, 128, 130, �32-33, 136, 140-42,
144, 146, 150.
5. t7.S. Geoi�gical Survey, Water Resource Data for Oregon, Water Year 197�,
Water Data Report OR-77-1 (Portiand, 1978), pp. 381-83.
6. Vera Martin Lynch, Free Land for Free Men, a Story of Clackamas Coun�ty
[Portlan�: ArtTine Print Co., 1973I, pp• 238-39; Daughter� of the
Ameriean Rewolution, Barlow, Historic Houses of Clackamas County, Oregor►
[Oregon City, 1347], pp. 34-35.
7. Clackamas C�unty Coa�tissioners Journal I, 23, c�.ted in �, H$.sto�'ical
Records Survey, Box 66 #74, University of Oregon Library, Eugene; and
spe �rp�Qn A��a� �6 �� 1850 9 Sept 1851.
8. Interview of Mark Harbert, Division of State Lands 3taff, with Wilmer
Gardner, Clacka�m�►s County Historical Society, Oregon City, Decembcr
1976; and s�e Historic Houses, p. 22.
9. Chieg of Engineers, U.S. Army, Repozt, I88�, p. 2524e Clackamas County
Circuit Court Judgement Roll #13,268 (1914) G(lackamas) C[ounty) C[ourt,
H�ousel, Oregon City also give tYse surveyor's coordinates of "the quarry
Iand" on the north bank of the Clackamas.
10. Dai1y Oregonian, 12 Jan 1869, p. 2.
11, Lot Whi�cainb, Mi7.wau3cie, Oregon to Pries�. Lee & Co. ,San Francisco, Calif. ,
28 Dec 1849, Whitcomb ta Priest, 1 Jan 1850 ir► Whitcomb v Priest, Lee
� Co .,Clackamas County Circuit Court Rec�rds. 4regon State Archives,
Salem.
12. Oregon Historical Society, Portland. MSS 996 "Philip Fost��r MSS", Folder
2, "Eag3e Cree�c i+�ll Papers, 185Q-�5;" and ��� Price and I�ffatt v Phils.p
Faster & Co.. Clacka�as County Circuit Cour� Re�ords, Oregon State Archives
Salean. —
I3. Lynch Free Y�and, p. 443.
14. Clackamas County, Mect!anics Lien Recard, Z(1865-87) 37, Orecton
Stafie Archives, Salem.
ISe U. S. Census of 1880, Schec3ule 3, original returns of Sawmills,
Clackamas County, Roek Creek Precinct, Viola and Spring wa�er
Precincts (Oregon State Library, Salem).
16. Columbia River and Orevan Timberman, I:6 (Apr 190�), pe 17.
17. I880 Census of Sawmills, Eaale Creek Precinct; Honeyman-Rankin had a
sawmill on the James Waldrup DLC' near RM 18e5 af the Clackamas Ri_ver
before 1884, FIoneyman efi al v Rankin e� al, Clackamas County Circuit
Court Judgement Roll #4222, CCCH.
18. Loc. cit
19. Clackamas County, R.ecord of Marks Used on Saw-loas, CCCH, p. 1; see also
c?reqon Fish Commissioners, Reports, 28£39-1�9�, pp. 22-23; Oreaon Fish
�nci Game �rotector, Fteports, �.�93-I8�4, pp. 24-25 for no�ices of Cross's
mill as�well as Clackamas Count_y Circuit Court Judaement Roll. #'s 4h73,
: 5273, 5195-6, 5793, CCCH. Cr.oss prorably did no� @rive the river until
after I890 beeause in that vear the fish hatchery men were afraid that
the persons at that ti.zne plannina to run logs an the Clackamas would
ruin their fish rack, Or�gon City Caurier, 21 F�b I8�0.
20. Clackamas County, Mechanics Lien Record, �I, 1, CCCH.
21e Ibid 2e
22. Mark Harher�t, Division of state Zands staff, telephane interview with
Mrs. Georgia Goode Gladstone, December 197f�. Fig. 4 is an undated
photoqraph of F?igh Rocks with saw logs in backcrround, probably taken
at the turn o£ the century, Oregon f?istarical Society, Photographic
Collection, Clack.amas F,iver folder, neQ. 51862.
23. Clackamas County Commissioners Journal, 15, pp. 398-403, CCCH; the
Clack.amas Deve2opment Company revivec� the x�roject in 1902, Pacific
Coast Woud & Iran, 38, p, 221.
24. Morning Oregonian, 22 Sept 189�, pe 3.
25. Clackamas �ounty, Mechanics I,ien Record, II, 4-5, 10-12, CCCH.
26. Ibid III, 253, 2.59.
27. t7. S. Geological Survey, F�rest Conditians in �he Cascade Range Forest
Reserve, Oreqon (GFO, 1903, p. 93.
28. L. C. Himler and Fred Nimler v S, p. Christensen, Clackamas County Circui�
Court �TUdgemen� Ro12 #11,880, CCCH.
29. Mark HarberL, Division of State Lands staff, telephone interview with
Ralph J�hnston, Portland, December I976.
3�. Le Verle A�umpower col3ection, Carver.
31.. Ibad Lynch F��e L�nd g.274s
32. Mark I�arbert, Division of State Lands staff, in�erview with L. VerZe
Mumpower, Carver, �anuary 19?7.
33. Clackamas County, Mechanics Lien Record V, p. 99, CCCH.
34e Muanpc�aer Interview.
35. Clackamas County, 1�eahanics Lien Record V, pp. 236-37, CCCH.
36. Cited in Ralph M. Snell and B. 7C. McBain, "Early Pulp and Paper NPills
of the Pacific Coast," �aper Trade Journal, TAPPI Section (October
I934), p. 43.
37.
3�.
39 .
Mumpec,rer and 3Qhnston in�erviews; U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Document
?5I (GPO, 19Z�), pp. 23-24 for descripCiora of gill ne� fishing methods.
Port2and Fish C�npany v�enson et al, and see Multnomah County Cireuit
Go�rt �udgement Roll #42,037, Multnafnah County Court House, Portlandm
Oregon Historical Society, Photogzaph Collection, "Oregon Gity",
Boychuck Neg. 42406.
40, Oregon Fisheries C�nnission, Report, 1908, g. 135e
47.. Interview with Wilmsr Gardiner, Oregon Ci�y, August 1978.
42, Clackamas County Circuit C�urt Judg�ment Rall �'s 6682, 6692, CCCH.
43. OregQn Fisheries eommission, Report, 1907, p. 60m
44. Tslephone Iraterview with Jay Massey, Oregon Department of Fish and
G+Iildlife, C1aCkamas, Oc�ober 197�.
45. Loc, ci�.
46. 6vm. E. Smith v Julaus L. Mefer, et al, Clackamas County C3ircuit Cour�
Judgement Roll �25,643, "Findings and Conc2usi.ons" and "Decree",
Attosney General's Qgfice File 808, Oxegon State Archives, Salem.