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East Central Oregon Rivers FarnellEAST CENTRAL �REGOlV RI VERS �1AVI GAB I LITY ST�JDY 1dy Ja�es �. F'arnell, Ph. D. Research Ana�yst III DIVISION OF STATE LANDS Salem, Oregon Aprii 198i INTR�D[JCTIOi3 Under the Equal Footing clause of the Oregon Admissions Act, thc Uni�.ed States Government transferred owrxership of the beds of all. navigable watenvays to the State of Oregon in 1859. At the time of this report, the full extent of Oregon's ownership is unknown. The present d�veZopment trends along our wa�.e naays make it apparent that the location of the State/private boundazies i� of extreme importance. The 1973 Legislature recagnized this and gassed oRS 274.029-034. This law directs th� Division of State �.ands to make a study of all Oregon's waterways and to make public theiz findings. This repart deals with those rivers flowing through the large�y arid regians of East Ccntral Oregon. Despite the unpromising Qrospects for river navigation in this region, short stretches of some of its streams were used far con¢nercial transportation ��cause of the economic needs of early settlers and entrepreneurs. This report examines such use an the watercourses of Eastezr� Oxegon with the except�ons of the Gzande Ronde and KZamath Basins which are each treated in separate repor�s. Of the many rivers in the region, �he ones to be treat.ed in this report are: PoFrder, Silvies, Deschutes, Metolius, John Day and Owyhee. Nbst pf these rivers gained their names during the period of fu�- trapping. i�any of the trappers were French Canadiane� and rnqst of the streams were nated by the �urtrader and e�lorer, Peter Skene Ogden. Silvais was a French an� John Day an American trapper. PowBez' is from the French ar French-derived Chinopk word �or powdery soi.l through which that ri.ver travels. Deschutes i.s French for the many falls which characterize that river. Owyhee is from an early spelling tor Hawaii, the nationality of the trappers who first exploited that river - indeed it was once called the Sandwich Island river! As French Canadian fur trappers axe usua�ly associated with pelt laden birch bark canoec, let it be inxtially stated �.hat wi�h ane exceptian that will be related for the Deschutes, these serviceable carx'iers were nat used on Eastern Oregon rivers. Furs taken in their watersheds we re brought ou� by packhorse trains. Lastly the Metolius is an Indian word referring to the sa3.mon spawning which took place in that river. Thanks are due to many instituti.ons in the extensi.ve portions of the State covered in this repart: Crook County Courthouse Deschutes County Courthouse Saker County Courthouse Grant Caur�ty Courthouse Harney County Courthouse Lake County Courthouse Jefferson County Courthouse Malheur County Courthouse Shez County Courthouse Wheeler Coun�.y Courtho�se Oregon 5tate Archives University ot Oregon Library Owyhee County Museum, Idaho Deschutes County Museum East Oregon Museum, Hai.nes Harney County Historical Society Museum Herman & Elizabeth Oliver Hist�orieal Museum, Canyon City Prineville Pioneer Historical Museum 5chmink NfemoriaZ Piuseum, Lakeview Malheur National Forest, Prairxe City Ochoco Nationa� Forest, Hines Oregan HistoricaZ Society Oregon State Libzary Bureau of Land Management, Prinevil�e Byron Brin�on, editor o€ the Baker Record Courier and Dean Hoilinshead of Bend also provided invaluable �elp, as did Mr. A1ice G. Muxphy of Homeda�.e, Idaho. Cov�r Design: Shevlin Hixon Log Drive on Deschutes, 1939. : : � � ► ��►i�� RIVER POWDER SILVIES J'Of�T DAY DESCHCT'I`E5 OWYH�E MALHEUR LAKE COt3NTY PAGE 1 15 21 27 52 55 56 PnWDER RIVER The Bas �ow�er niver 9.s a rectanqular hasin �ocate� on the ��stern border of Central Oreaon and is virtually i�entical ��ith the northern portion of �aker. 2 County, thouqh the hQadwaters also drain thizteen pe.r.cent of Union County. Tmmediately south of the Grande Ronde basin, its main va�ley around the city of BakPr i.s strikinq�y simiiar to that of the northern river. around La Grande, both rIor?inated by the Blue and [•,*allawa m.ountains. The Pawder's main stem fort�s at Sumnter. After leavinq the Blue r�ountains it descri.bes a Iarq� acute angle, first from south ta north. The �pex is at the Raker-Uaion c'ounty border near ."�orth nowder; the seeond sicic� runs southeast to the river's mouth on the Snake River (Fig. 1) . Alonc,r the first sir?e, the ri.ver collects a n�e� o£ streams draininc east from the Blue Mounfia�.ns; on the seconc� side the tributaries fZow south froM the ti�?allowa filountains. Gi�en this aeoqraphical setting, the headwaters of the Powder anc3 its trib- i�tari�s a].1 have steep profiles which �roderate as they near the main stem.� T*;zs r�oderatior, o` qra�ii�r�t �s particuaar�Y tru� aio�q �n� sa�it� ta north �orti.an of the main stem which pas5es through Paker city. Here the Powder is almast f3.at and the tributaries cross approximatexy 1� mi�es of qentle slopinq farmland before joining the main river. On its sot�theastern jovrney to the Snake, the Pawder farms a iong sZoping valley. The trihutaries conseauentiy have a mocierate qradient near the mai.n stem and the channel af the Powder cats a madest canyon thrvugh semi-arid bzush and rock in this porta.on of its basin. Only at Rich2and near the Snake floaipiain is �here aqain a fairly wide margin of farmland near �.he river. At the present time the lower ten miles a€ the Pawder are submerqec� in the gool of Braanlee flam on the Snake River. 1 The �rainage area of the Powder above Richland zs 1,310 square mil�s. ctireamflow data exists b�low "��ason �am (RM 123.2) an the upper powder River l�efore it enters the aqricultural plain surxaunainq Raker, � re�ion in which the �ain river and its trihutaries are subject to massive irriaatiion diversions. ��t Mason riam the averaae ��scharqe for �3 y�ars has heen I�3 cubic �eet per second. The maximum discharqe occurred outside the period of record - which has been affected �y the aam - and was a�proximat�Iy 1,60� cv�ic feet per second in tia�ch 1910. Perio�s of no f���= �isa occur at this qaua�nq skatian. At Pichland near the mouth (RM 20.2} is the only other aauqing station on the main river. �urinq the �ast 21 years the averag� disch�rge �t that station has heen 2�7 cuhic feet ner second with a maximum of 3,47� cubic feet per secand and a�inimum of virtually no flow. mhese readinqs indicate the effects of diversion �ore than tne natural effects o� ari�ity on thP river's discharge. nf major importance is the f.act that �tream yiela. is �ark�dly variable from year to y�ar; and 70� of the runoff of Pow�er �iver near �aker occurs in thp three �onths P.przl-June, peakin� in May,� T�e only tributazy with str�amflaw da�a is Eaale �reek. At River. �i�e �.5, �•�here it is affected hy some u�stream diversion, the averaqe �ischarge far 21 years has been 325 cubic feet ner secand. Rxtre�e hiqh �uring that period was 5,3�0 cubic feet per second and the low was 3n cubic feet per secon�. "'hus one tributary near the river's mouth carriPS more water than thF river itselfi The �conomy of the basin k�as first �om.inate� hy minin�. A notable legacy nf rr�r r�r7nr� �a thp myrc than f�s�sn c�i��rn m�lo� �f �iP._�� r.�i �1. ^ .�S ri�xC� �ia £igure the raver between 5umnter anc� thp "iasnn nam reservoir. Agriculture, �eavily d�pendent on the waters of Powder ?iver and its tributaries, then emeraed as the r.rir^ary econor�ic hase of the renion. rum�;erinq in the foxested mountains 2 of t�e west and north is t�e n?xt �ost im�ortant resource nf the basin.� t:aviaation There ras been no record of vessel nava.qation on the Powder F.iver; navigable us� is whally a auestion o� 1on c�rivina. S�ch use during th� 188t�'s nn 7�nthonv Creek i.n the northc•:est portion of th� �asin Zed to twa Oreqon Guprc�me Court cases concerninq th� ].eqality of drivina that s�ream. �ioth si�its were }�ra�.�Qht �y �^?, F. tlaines who owned ].and betw�Pn ??iver Milrs Z and 2 di the creek - thQ nresent sit� of the Flkharn Game Preserve (Fiq. 2) . �he farst c�se u�as ac�ainst James S who drave logs throuqh the property in June 1RA4; the secnnc� =.•=as aqainst Thomas fi, F-a11, a�TOrth Powder sawmill �artner, who drove lo�*s thresunh thfl �amp `�D!'�20r1 0� the creek durinc� the � sprinr� freshets of 188� an� Z887. �7ames f the �ef.endant in the �irst case who ha.d hePr, enqaqed in the saw r�illina husir.pss for 1� ar 15 yesrs, mos�ly runn�na locrs nn 5ma11 mountain �a streams, gave a descri�tion of nnthc�n�� Creek and the drive of 188�1: 7 re�arrl 1�nthony creek as a�ine stream one af the .�sst I ever saw for f�.oatanc� saw loas and other Limhers of crreat value that abound in unlimited auantirips •,,, tr,e h�a.r�waltprg �f t'�at st_r?am= '^his Creek is n�vic?able for such hus�ness for about 24 r!iles above and to its con�luence with tForth P�wder R1VP.'." ^.'he ]aroe hody of valuabie ti�^.�er an the h�adwaters of the Creek can only he reached and utilized by floatinsx it dawn the creek to a no.int where it can be taken aut and worked inta lumber and other materia�.. In the month o` February 5"4arch 1�TB4 T n�t a forc� of inen on Anthony �rePk and had al.l ldqs hrush anci nther ab�tr.uctions removed £ram the channel of th� !'reek for the purpo�e af using zt ta float saw �oqs Dai 1�oac� ti�s and other ti�r�Y,ers from the larae fore5t on its head- �a�e�s . T'efore commer�cina this work c�f clearinq out the �reek � went to P.r. W. F. Haines the Plaintiff and all other nersons own�nG Zands on the creek and as�ed and obtainer� each of their consent to cleaz out the channel o� the Creek �nd to use it for f],oata.na saw Iogs �nd �?ai1. ?oad ti es �nc� other timbers wr�en � calle� an �+r. xaines to ascertain what hP had to say arput the use of the Creefc for that purpnse he not only r�ave hi� cnn=Pnt tc� it heinc� cl�arec� out and used fdr that purpose but pror�ised if bl� �•�ouid huy his timber ta assist us in pre�?aring the creek for floatinc? saw lnas. 3 , j � , a� c' ,, ., y `� a -: z � '� ��'��� ` : � ° '",+ � � �1,� '•.� � � �a� r � r �. �, 1" :,�, +',�� "'^� ��`'�4� f ��� t o- � ���� � `��, `�1` �" s�„� '� ' � �� M' ��`���� � � �� � � �'` ? "a'M � y � µ -� „� � �' b "' - :7 � 'e�� � �'ry'�° �. ,.' � ; �. A � �, � ���� ,,,aaa ������___ � {! � M� �. � .',"�'�� � � '� . a,�+'6 %� qr � ,� d �� � -;r �'���iwh�.. 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Y '�' � ; ""` , ` � .�� �� ., . :� ,..�� ,�",` , , � �'",- .�", ' ,. � r ,� '.r '� .r��!d � ..., � t �" , �K � ... 5 ��r: ^►�' '°'"�^ .:y 'S�Na.p.i.w►�+,. sw� _ h , � - � „� n� _ *' � +l'� �'C � � P�: � �, � k" r �� � • •�� �µ� fR �: . � .. �.• � � �: , �`� �"" i�'"� � _.�,a°;a�, �T ��� � � � `_ r . _ __ ,- �° � `� ,�� , � ^� � : � ,�„ �" • �gn, � . _ ���TM' �� . ,� �.. . --�� "' ►�� ,�.�" ��% �:,_ �.^��, - ,�,.�., f. '�'iwT' , - � 9�w" an,• . , l_ � 'Yr'4r_ �� , .. � . ..� _ � .sx ri�ill T ��� . � ��� ..;{�". ���� -��� p � �� _ � .. � -.Yr� . � �`+..'.r !^ S � '�`'wwµ .��4�� � - '. . . _. '�I'rTat"' T� 0 Fig. 2Y�. An�hony Creek thraugh olc� T-laines Panch site. N!ay 7, 19t30. s�'itnesses for the defendant aareed that the �rive came to r.rief hecause of the 20,0�0 feet of loqs which �r. �?aines wished ta sell to �?elch, fihe l�mher- man would not pay fox them unless they were in the creek's waters, but Haines had nut them in a dry channel G�hich passed near the cuttina area. In order ta flaat them out to tr�e existina channel, he huiZt a hrush dam across th� creek to divert the waters into the ary channel and move his locrs. ti�en the lo�s af t^�elch's drive, which were �rom 2� to 4� iriches in diameter and had heen cmninq �awn smoathZy enouqh in th� freshet, co�lided �+�ith the �rush dam they cre�te� io a jam some five logs �eep. �a clear the �am taok [tiTelch's crew nearly four days. As they had starte� th� �rive lat� in tl�e �eason, the waters receded while they were hreakinq the jam and a�tending to a�ore pressin� �rive af 13,0�0 �ailroad ties. Consequently thPy coul� not vet nut ha1� o� their logs. Furthermore the ja� washed a hole in the bank af the riv�r �n Haines' property and dumped qrave2 on his qarden and m�adow, thus souring him on the F•hole enterprise and l�adinq to tPi� laws�it. ��e hlockaae of t�e channel where Haines had made his brush c�am hindered all future drivina on the creek. mhe testimony of the various wi.tnesses for the defense abaut th� 1884 lbg and tie �rive �s of interest. t4�elch �ave this further descriptian of the drives: �ur lags £ioated as nicely and with as little expense or trouble �s � ever saw such sized tim}aer floated on any sma�l stream for the length of time we had tio wark at i.t. u'e put into the Creek abaut °00,000 feet of loqs. An� in the few days we had to work at it succee�e� in floati��q ab�ut hal� our loqs into North Pow�er River where ther� is sufficient water to float thPm at nearly any seasan of the year . n o ,�, • � F1 * �i�,� ��`ni !.'� 53;.' 4.° :7.^.:2 n{+t }ig�sA fimo -�a.i�i� i.viu��c.ia�:iiay �.v t�va'4 � to finish our loc? r?rive we went alonq the Creek arid floated all loys to the sides of the channpl a]ona the bank so that ties cauld pass down withouti obstruction & wP put intn Tnthony Creek 13,�(l� ties and f2oate�3 them down from about 25 miles ahove its confluence with North Powder. River. �fter we �xnit floatinq loqs, we �lone this with as little troublP as they wauld have raused in a large stream the ties ran so thick in some narts af thP stream �h<at �3 �er.son could have ���alkec� ar► ti for a mile nr more. 5 r'd Huqhes ��ho was one nf the �rivinq partners aave �imi�ar �estimony: I...managed the runninq of the tiPS fram the time we commenced until aur ties were fioated ta within a short �3istance of the conf�uence of Anthony Creek w.ith �:orth Pocader river. ^'hat was m.y first exper- ience in f3�oatinq timber, '�ut taP ha� na troubl� in floatinq the ties in �ny part of t��e CreQk. They floated alonq without any trouhle save nnw anc3 then some c�f them would '�e crowdeci out on the sides of t?�e �tream and we wauld have to p�ish them back 9nt� th� channel, This was owina to havinq too �any in the stream �t once. 41e float- �c� 13,��}� ties in that time, when strunq aut in the Creek the_y were arout one mile tonq. n. T. manyweil [I=angwell?) a�ded:�� I have been enqaaer� in the ��s�siness c�f f�oatinq saw loqs on small fresh c:�ater streams for many yPars and understand the bvsiness we11. I trave�ec3 un Anthony Creek abour_ a month aqa from its canfluence with rTOrtt� Powder �?iver abaut 15 miles and examinec�. the s�ream for tFze purpose nf takina a contract to float saw locrs for t"��endant. I say T,nt}�r�ny Cree3c is naviaarle far floati.rc� the �araest sizes of saw locs that can �e found on the head waters of that s�.ream from a point a?�ove Mr. �:aines place t� its con£luence kitf� *la�th Powder niver as far up as I went. 2 rPC�ard it as an exce�tinnally good stream for the husiness. Saw loqs can h� successfully and x�rofit- ably floated �aithout usinc� the ±sank of the str�am a� all after the ZOCiS are put into �.he creek. The Creek has a fine channel and qood current and is not filler� an ats shoals with la:rqe or rough stanes that you usua�ly find in mountai.n streams. T•Titne��es for the Plaintiff. said that the depth �f uTater an the s�oals c�uri.ng �s�e '�!ay-,7u�y r�ino�f wa� �'rom. two to three feet.� �'�is shoirlc� have been ac�ec{uate for t�e com.para*_ively smal� loe�s beir�n run. Thomas Tanner an unstream iandc7wner r�ho ��operi that the loa drives would succeec3 , so �ha� he could mark�� his tirtkser recal2ed: �'he Defer.dants Ioas run niqht and �?ay. I coulc? hear tY:em runnina ir. the nicht as they nasse� my s�lace. 7 sak� �he ��es when �hey ca�!e down, they run riqh� alona, were strunq out in the creek when they nassec� my place more than a r^ile loncr. As for the use of horses, John Flo�an stated: I was not pul.lincr loqs c3own the cree?c w�i.th � tearo. I usec� the �eam in �uI].inq r1r. Hanes l�rush dam out �f the creek. I sometimes used the team in nullincr �ogs into thr� channel th�t had been cro�wded out �n the sides of the chann�l. C:7 Haines was awar�ed S50 �ama�es �or the loss he suffered to his qarden a�d �ea�ow, �ut ,7udae Thay�r �f th� �t�nreme Court chide� the �arties for fail- iP ina ta address th� issue of whether nntn�ny �reek was in fact a naviqab�e stream. In his next laws�rit, j7. �. Haines and his attorneys a�dressed that issue and won their case. The defendant in Haines vs Nall (17 �r 1F5) �ave his vezsion of the hackT around of his invalvement in Anth�ny Creek lon drivin�. �n Rpril 7, 1R86 he an� his associates (Marshall, F�aIZ x Cn.)�nurchased the mill and property of c � Hutchinson 21 near Tlorth Paader for 53�,�np with �he intentian of hrinq- in� Iags to the mill an Anthony �reQk and ^Iorth Powder River. Thomas Hall estimate� that Plorth PowdPr �iver eould floa� 15,�OO,�n� feet of loqs each year and Anthony Creek 5,0��,0�� feet. �he follawina �ctober, David Fccles bouqht a half inter.est in the firm was �nown as �all, Fckles � Ca. �urinq the tim.e of Haines' lawsuit aQainst them. In ��ne 1886, Na1i had a�illion feet of loqs re�dy to drive on Anthany Creek from lands one to twn miles a�ovP t?aines' farm, but at the time of hiph water his brother. �ie�, his sunerintendent ?.ackea the exnerience to �et �hQ timL�er. out, and very few Iocs came ?own. f?aines must have objecte� to the �rives at that time, because Fra�l then sent hack to �inne50ta for �ames �ell to come out and examin� Anthony Creek �or its capacity to £loat saw Zoas. Bell judg�d it one of the �est streams far drivinn lo�s he ha� ever seen. nn the strenqth of that and other c�mnetent judoement, Hall fel�ed abou� 2 million F�,..t r.F 7r.r.r r.f frr,.n 1!l +n A/I ir�r+}.on ir� r7i�mn}or f�r� fln�t nief� riitirinn �}-�n 1^��nh i4G4 Vi iv�� tiii i4`-/i�. ivi �v — x� ti��.i��.�� iaa •naua t_�.�i. a.v iava.ar �iw�. .��wwr�ay �—��ti. .• � a ?.4 water of 1887. He also huzlt two spZash c3ams, one 2 miles and the other I[� r�iles abave �aincs' nroperty to air' the �?rive. T1]. the landowners alona the creek but Haines ap�roved of the �rives anc� most of them sol.d their timber to ?�all.� �n r�ay 2 of that year, ha;:=ever, Haines brouqht suit to prevent t3�e drive. 7 �urinQ the next two �ays Hall an� his f.ri�nds swore out aff.idavits that the drive cou1�3 take place without dama�e to �'.aines' lands and its p�ohibition wou1�� brinq �ar�e f�nancia� loss t� ttall and his associates. Judge Luther B. Zson �ecreed on titay 14, IAR7, that tlze �r?ve could take place, wit� certain safeau�rds, with the Fise nf the splash �a�s. The terminus of the drive spec- 3€ie� hy 7udqe Ison was the town of rlor�h powder.�� In his a�.ended complaint of 1'-":ay 2, f�aS.nes had nrec?icte� that the splash clam k�as noorly nuilt, would hreak and causP the lcxas to jam, and othPrwise cause f3ooclincr an� damar�e to ?�is prnperty. fie also stated that the rirzve would not ?�e a success as Antrony Creek was not navic�ahZe for sawloas or railroad ties and that logs could only be �at clown the river by constant trespass on his pro�erty. FssentiaZiy all these r7ire assertions came to �ass c3urinq 1?ay and ,7une 1887. ��£oze tY�e c�rive hecran �,n� c�f �he splash dams 3�roke, prematurely carryinr, a few locis downstream which ja�r+med on xaines' lands anc� caused a wash- aut of some of his lanc3.�� �t alsa meant that the ruptured dam cauld not sup�Iy adPauat� w,ater �urinq the main r'.rive. nccordi.np to Hall's o�s+n testimony, the cansequence was that of the nrigfnal 3,4f1�,�n� feet ta k�e �.riven on Anthony Creek and �o��der River, only 1, 3��,!l0�? EePt re�chec� the North Powder hoor�. Z � Hd].nGS' �ttorney coulr� ask the followinq devastatina rhetorical auestion: Do vou pretenci �o say, that� in floatinc? loas, �4 h�ndr�d thousanc� feet af ]oas, 1£3 hunc'.re� thousand at the start, £or a distance cf two miles anrl a quarter, ��ith fror! 3n to 47 mer,, reauiring a nerioc� of 25 to 3� �ays, artd ��ith the �vir�ence n� zhe iioating such as you have descr�.hed as bein� done, that it was a success- ful c�rive? `�he �upreme C'�urt of C?renon aqreed that it was not and that there could never be a successful driv� on that watPrway. '�s a matter of law it was �ecZared F.nthony c'reek was not naviqa�ic for sawlc�qs, Hall, Fccles �nd �`o. were permanently enjoined from drzvinq the �tr�am. T' what abaut th� navioabili�y of A'�rth po�•.der T?iver for sawloas? Hall 8 an� athers asserte� that the r�ort� Pow��er River was drivahle from Anthonv Creek to their sawmill (Fiq. 3},31 mhis w�s varia��sl� described as from 4 to seven �i1es helow �.nthony Creek. Ir �s eiqht river_ �iles �ro� Anthony Creek to r]orth Powder, but if the measurement was road mz�es and the mi11 were upstream from the town, these various fi�ures cou�c� hP �ade consistent. trarious witnesses s�oke of �.rivina on *torth Po�:der and the "hansaker Fo�k�" which woul� he the present main StiP_m of the *Iorth powder abovp its canfluenc� with Rnthony �reek. The 18�0 ��nsus recor�ed that G�rdiner F•'ells obtair.e� his lo�s £rom the �Zue ��ountains and uSP� thP r?orth Fow�er. for nower hut did not mention use of the river to transport the loas. �uch u�e must have hPqun shortly after this infor- �ation was collecte� in 1679, however, hecause r�rs. Coates of r.ortih Powder says that her father-in-law, Charles F. , 3acobson, told his family of drivinq raxl- road ties down Anthony Cree}: an�? the �lorth Powder R.iver ta the town of North 33 Powder befare the birth of his first child in 1881. In T.pri� �882 fn an artic�e hea�ed "Annual Drive," the Paker �ounty Feveille reportec� that T�aniel Smith was pr.e�arinq to run loqs c�own Pcrwdex River to his saw�ill c�urinq that manth and h�d � fozce c�f inen at work on the dam above his mi.11. '"his imp�ies that he had run the '�orth Powder. bef.ore ]882 and i,n th�t year may �ave snlashed �he river in order to assist his �rive. In thP perioci after Nain�s' lawsuits, in �iay 1889, �pencer, Ramsey & t?all had a new sawr�;ill at T7orth Powder with many thousand feet af loqs in the ��V�z, Givpn this aeeumul�ted data anc� JUc?qe Isan's approval of �he c�rive on Noxth Powder R.iver to the tawn of ?•IOrth Pawd�r, it wauld seem that the river from miies 3--Z� was � hiahway for commerce. The Stat� therefare has a ciaim to tha hed of the stream in those seven miles. Turninq to the use nf other r�ortions of the Powder River and its tributaries fnr loq dri^ves, Younq & Ramk�o of Sur±�pter Precfnct statec� in 1879 that they received their Zoqs from the rrpper �'ow�er �?iver anr3 usecl the ?owder Rxver to �] �i�. 3a. �nrt� p���er �ivcr below mouth �f Anthany �reek. ";ta}r 7 , 19£30. I �'ic�. 3b. T�arth Ptnwc3er Ftiver, F,M 6.5. f�T�y 7 , 1980. 1Cl �_— — _ _ — __ _ ,,.., ' ' "�.�°° - "4-�� ': 4 s - ' ` w �',. �t,s�,<^ :+. _ �� power theiz sawmill. [�]hEtiher this means that they obtained thPir loqs from the river's valley ar actually fl�ated loas on the Upper Powder is onen to interpretation, though they pro�ably di� �nme flotation.�� hn .7anuary 13, 1890, th� Baker County Court declared Pourder Rive� from the mouth af Rlu� Canyon (FM 12i.5) to �zver Mile Z32.6 tF��s• �, �•� �? �Q be a hiahway for the floatina, boominq, raftinr an� trans�ortina of ioqs, timk�er and lumbar. r�c�urren and Crabill, the �eadina 1�ribermen o£ Raker City, then lease� that nartion of Lhe river from the caunty. "'e�nwhile �avkd Fccles, persuaa�d b�� his new partner Char�es w. �3ibley, chartere� a Ioqgin� railxoad to exploit the titn�er of Sumpter Va11ey in A�qust 1�91, and th� next year ruiit a railroad u� fihe Pa�.Tder Rzver Canyar to P?c'�uen i.n order to brinc? 1�';v f� hi.s 5out�i Bak_er sawr�i11. FZoyd Carnenter of Baker, f.ar*neriy a conductdr on the �umpter Valley �ailroad, anc B�ooks Haw�.ey, agec? �n and ar� amateur histarian living in '�1cEtven, �Save nei�her heard of the Powder beinq c3riven �.n the l.eased sectian. I'urthermar� the cataract in Roulder ranyon (T'zq. 4�? would have ractuirec� a splash �am to carrv lo�s throuah it, and there is no indir_ation that svch a structure *.•ras ever l�uil�. 'ihere£are nne must conc].t�d� that �ccles' railroad aced �?cNSurren and �'r.abill out of �h� eor��etitian for 1oa carriage in �umpter Valley an� that the rivez dic3 not became a hic;hway fnr loqs. �n Septer�ber 25, 1905 fihe Baker �ounty �our.t declared Faqle Creek ahav� River '�tile 5.5 to he a�uhlic hiqhway (Fic?. 5j ann on �.ne folio��inct day lease�i tha� nart of t};e river to c'. r. ��ade, Z�.. G. T�ove, T. F'. Mackmiller, Fh. F2, woodarfl, F[fl _L ..L: n�Yt YGf�Y'YPl� *P1 �V 1 flp ���IJP�ml�� (3T1C� �'r. T''. _.- 'J.'[71S C:VI!li)lita�.luii 'v?ciS 'v"ai:�;su.��.r �._,..���..._ �.� .... ---- --- --- . AustiTi. as the Faale valley ��Iater Liaht an�3 Power Companv and Fag3e Creek I�uriber Company of P.ichland when they repnrted the nrant of the franchise ("30 miles af Fagle �reek for loqqinq and lumher.inc. operati.ons for a peri�d of 15 years "? and the 1� �i�. 4a. �owder River, s;� r•' 131. :,� �, 1980. ��,� .�,., � . ��-__�,� :.f '� � � � �, .� � '� � � > � � , � ., �A� , ; � � � , �. �.�, �r� . �,� � � ! ��' _ � ' � '` �`a� r .�� �'ig . 4� . Pot,3c�er piver in T?oulder Carsyon {� z2�) , '�ray �:, 1�?BC�. + x� , � .,�.r., � ,.' � �' � *� , � �, ', � " ,#- . #� i , _ � M Afi y � �` lC� 4A � � � ' F; � � ` i � :. �� '�" s ���� .�� P. y �'� yn'�' � � y � �:�i � # ��. A ,r... � �. /r-�' v� ✓' p � e',�,� 'F^� C� � � ^�� � � �. �� r ���� � , y � ' � y � �.,�� � � �� � �' �"' ��' � � u��"� �.� µ �io' � �, � � �'� '7� .w' � .i x� � � .. � i ` � �',� i � * P.r: a.�,� +wt�.. WN�,Yr�" "�^�� i 4 w" �` ,�yr. �. 1"� �� w ^E'f A F � �+'*« �. y r4� - �f. ; �, :�y ��� �� . sr�v�'r d, >. ,�v m i• '" 1 8. , M'" � ' '' � �� " ��� r` �`� � �"`, � �� � �� ��.- � �� ' �� ii �.����� k � ��. ���.. H �. . . � ... . ili+ �. � . �� ����"� . ��,,1�. _ � � i�� °' ,���� i ° ,'` �m �:r ��� . ��, ,�'_ , i i� _ . •� -� w �' d � _ . _ � .. - �..� ,� ._. 1 . � �����,_ . r . �.�.. , .� .�- � �- � �, .�.�� � � �, .�..." .����,� .... ��`,• �.• �: ,. � - ...��...,.v .� W ,,� ,. - k '�. N r .� � � V �'. 's a 4 g a� q �� k� 7 A '�b" ,."�"'+C 11" .. �" .. ' . �-a'�� . .. � ��~ �� � �v �� y �. ; � . _. _ . . �,-�* � _ � - -���':�- _ . � „,,.�„;�'� - �. � � • ,_ ' , .F..�:,_-�.., �: �„.,.�- � .� = �.�.�,� _; .,'`"'".' � � �=,. ��.,. � ��"� .� r .,.' , i 4 � � a 1, � e�''�'� r � °�'�' �* � � �� � %�� � ,�' "� �,� ��� . . �t,,,",�,� ��•" " � � . Fi�}. 4c. Pawder Piver ne�r � alisbury, ?�"� Z23.8. '�4ay 6, 198�J. s'�" �;' ; � � � i�s. �x.�, r,.� �� I .. A . P ' ���,' . . . �,���� __ _ �. � � "� � � � � .. q; � � ��� � �a: "' �� ���,s.�r.��"� v� � � �� , '`� k � � '�� a,� � £ a ,,• � � t� � ���h�r .� �J � ,� �'� .# x . y a � ..'a � �snQ� . �'` �' "� g ° " � � � ��;'� #�x i. � � � � j � � -„ � � �� , '�"�N �� i''.:�c � ; 5+ ♦ *.� ,° � � 'c, > . ' � �" . k'��� a � � � ' � r �np i',�, . � « �� � �'hn� w „ .. P 5 �� i �+. �,� ��,�� r IY�.. �'�' .i i� Y ��ui ,� n u�.� �� � +�'M�. � �� ` �� Iw .� °;+�i ��, '� �'Y''+s. ,.. _. __e�Yr �Y�^ 4 6 � {1 � r..�i� 1�w,�����^• y �� �*� �i � �:. `��: . . . . F ,� . tl y � 'S , ,, � �w��wuR . .._ � r ' � . M d � ��� yy. x,� �y �i , .'� w ..w' . , !��,: as.. ''^'�'- . ;1i ��, � ��P ��"� . , , ,�y,��! d�" . �'�n , p�+ y, k�.Y� XY� a� »�y, .. �.'" �u � �R d_.. "�' I � -� � � h� . � M P� a �.'a �x�� � k ^M t� x w �* �I d: � �l�;; L'��' r "�'� � �r 9e .,,� �" � �w��l,i'�� �� , �p � �.� � rV" ./ r ..o q�', r�.k" «t �,. � � 4 ..r�i kH ' t �+�_g,a ,+ � W� � 'L�' � sr ^ +* �".�-�'� .. ;`.,, ',�af� .� � .. � y.�� �. ����� ��� .� ��i�� �'ig. 5a. �agle �"reek in the Canyc�n, P.�! 21. �Tay 8, 198(}. � Thr ' � �` � � ��"'^� ,�. �ia` :,` � ,�, . � , ww . ,� . "W "� x. '��; q1� r �, �... .. Y � .a� ��� �.� . 4, a , � � '.�� ,.,�� a �, nvS�r. � �'�"�*'� � �ia�'�. �. ,_ ..1,�.�.._..,,._ . � ,.,e . � �°° � ,A �'��, '�"��'�' .:.�1G��� ' �' °�V� c •-!�"r ' l � �` � •. a ��� � �,. M�� naim� �ati:.. + , �� ; �� ,� < , � � , ",� . � . �, -�r a . .. .� .'"a '�,` �� ,.�, �: dl� _ ��:��u.,. � . '' �: "� � � . � � ,,,;�M m � � ;� �.. ;.�. r ,�,: �'ig . 5b . E�cr1e Cz��k abav� Richlanr�, Rxt 4.5. `"SaY $, 1980. 13 entrepreneurs' construction o£ a 7�0 f�ot �am in �aqle Creek Canyon for their 5a��i11.�� On inquiry to varaous . �ersons in �.ichland a�out �he use of Eaqle c'reek �or Ioa drives, `1rs. rl.ara �inq, an elderly m�mhPr of a sawmilling family there, r.epliecl throuc�h her neice that�� She couJdn't rememher if it �as the sz�rina of 1906 cr 19f}7 �hat C. F. ��ade ancl k. G. T�ove triec� �o float iocrs r?own �'aale Creek. Rut tney had no suceess. '^here is too m�ny hiq rocks in th� erPelc .3n-a it doesn' t run t�at mt�ch +,+�ater �o f 2oat loas . �o this �ffart to use another taatercourse in the powder pivQr. basin a]sa enc3er� in fazlure. �4 �ILVIFS P.IV��2 T�� £iasin The ci.lvies is a ��reat Rasin river c�rainina into an inland iake, '�alheur L�ke in �?arney County, rather �han into the oce�n �r an ocean tributary. '7'he 13R mile lona river rises on tt�e sout� s�ope of ±he �trawberry �4ountains. after the first I3 r^iles it has a moderate to �ou crradient as it �asses throuqh Bear and �ilvies valley, Gilvies n.icler !'anyon anci enters the ?�a�heur Lake Plain abave Furns. l�fter enterinc? tl�at �lazn, however, it has one of the stranqesC confiqur- ati�ns of any riv�r in the state, ?�PCausP it then branchQs throuqh several £orks and nyriad irriaation channels hefore these se.veral divisi�ns of Che main stem enter �ialheLir Lalce {Ficr. �) , ThP area of the Sil.vies rasi.n al�ove fiurns i.s a34 square r�iles of which ak�out ?�alf is in �rant County; ahou� one-�hird nf the 43 tatal hasin, how�ver, lies }�etween Rtirns and '-�al!�e�r L.ak�. ��'ater ciischar_qe has �een r�easured above Burns, where the main stem still retains its intecrri�y, for 65 years. ".'he �veraqe r]ischarge nas been 155 cubic feet per secand with extremes of 4,9F0 cuhic feet per second on npril F, 1952 and several rec�rdinas of na �laF��, xt s: he err.ohasized *�at annual f3.aws are extremely variable and in some vears, in �935 for example, vi.rtually the entire runo£f occurrec? duri.na the r�onth of npril, taperinq off in early *�ay. Therefore averaRe c�ischarc�e fiaures �re r_elatively meaningless For this rivex, rnrests exist in the hills �urrounc�incr the river ahove Purns ana pravi.de �n impc,rtant �art of the economic �ase of the recion, raXly �ettZement, however, ��ras dominat�d by stockr'aisinq in the *�alheur ?,akP valley. :�a.v iqat�.�n L�nnromisina as �'ilvies nivPr is for navic�ahZe use, it susta�ned i.mportant loq drives to Burns �t tr}P end of the i9th century. In ?�arch 18€i8 the East nreq onian Herald noted th�t T'. i'. Gtengc�r was �reparinq pine loas far raftinq 15 STRAWB�RRY IN ••» .+•.•. � :•ftANGE : . • , � . . . . .. • � . .'.• •. . . • • • 10� .• . �• � � . � r . ; '•..� �.•'� . . �{M oo •. •,.' : .- . 5 • g� : �o� GYSSk � . . .� � � � . .� p �.�..• • : � .� • • . • �ohR Dar '; 3 �: B a S i n 7�, '� _ GRANT CO_ T � ;•• �L4FtI�fEY C0. . � � *• • r • � Q • � • � GRANT ' G0. : • � C� --+- IRN€ - .-��-•�,� - - ---r - - - � ' '. 3 • •�� `' � ������� �` 5 � Malheur • r' ������ �� � � � Q S 1 R �'. E � rnyr `� ! a ` 50 ' . • �. • 4 O • � .'�C �'� 4 45 � . . '. 3S •. � � . ry •. : � ��i4 • • 1 • • r • �' . 5 c� • . ' 2 � f .. � . . � :�` �� : •; � • . . .. . ` � �" � � . o . • •. . . . •. • � .. . • Xi • . t • � m . • + 3 . r • . • a ���5 � r • • •'2 . E` • ' S ' • � a � . � • � �''f O • � • • • • � •• . 13 • • •� 2 � '� I ! S ie � � • � �.. . . ^" p� • . • _ l . .� . . � . : f a �� ��.•`. . . �- � .. .� . �•. • ...... F1GI1R� 6. SILVIES RIVER BASIN AAAP and Silvies River Profi�e Prepared by DIVISiON OF STATE �ANDS. Dacembsr f980 16 $. --� „ . . _ .,i � '� • � .' � 0 : Cr�ak F co.�c c...k SfLVE3 TIIOfI� GII k CrNk CrNk BURNS Eosl Font SNviet Riwi LAKE down the river.� Sten�er floated his lo�s from Stenaer and Crieket �reeks near Fiver *4iie 1� of Fmmiqrant Creek (Fi�. 7a). In �pril 189Q the Herald carried the story that, "John Sayers is nre�arinq to work on his new sawm�ll Inear town]; his lo�s wi11 soan rie floatinq dawn �ilvies river" (Fiq. 7c). T_n succeeding issUes �ne newspaper eaqerly followe� �ayers' activity: mhe sawlocrs for the new 5awmili are now at the mi�l site. �une a, I890 "°Pn are at work landinq Iocrs at the ne�+* sawsnill site near town. ?une 11 , 1E390 uany �Prsans praise the fine �oom of laas in the river at the new mi3l site. ,7une 25, I890 �oe1 f�. F'saward hrouqht suit aqainst .7ohn %?. rayer to obtain p�yment far haulinq 1,8fl0,000 feet of sawloc�s fxom the timher to 5ayer's old sa�ysnill at the head of C'ricket Creek durinq 1F388 and 1B�39, and alsa for "hauZinq from tnP timber to the hanks of Si�vies River, a�o,aoo feet of S�s��=Loc}s" in 189C3. tlews of drives on Si�vies River to t�e Sayer sawmill at Burns occurred durinc! t�re n�xt years. At the end of "�arch 1892, "l� crew of inen were un on Silvies river �ankina logs ready to fioat dovm th� river, as soon as it raises, �or the Rurns saw mill;" and at t�e en� of May 1£�93, "The sumrner supply of saw logs will :>e at thP Bu�rns saw mill in a few days." Durinq the first week of M�y 189F, "Th� ±�oys are �own from the loaqincr car�p; they are still �anki.ncr loqs and do not �:nok= yet +ahen they wi 11 r�rive .�� 50 S1 In 1896, )?P.S1C?PS Sayers' c3rive, T. F. *�atney al�n c3rove loc�s on the SiZvies: ''4�31 lc�qs more or less, Pstimated at 15n,pr�n feet, which were cut zn t?arney rounty, �tate nF nrecron, anc3 are a�i unmarkec�, and they beina the same ]ocrs cut for sai�? "�+atne�� in �he fa�l of 1.895, anc3 t•7inter and Sprin� of 189�, and were �ut into SiZvie� P,iver at or near �,�hat is kno�uan as the �7im G�ith C31ACP and caere comminaled with a lot of saw loqs then heing run %?own sai� �iver by ,7ohn [•7. �ayer, i7 �"8'`-� �'� r � '� � � �� t � ' * ,� ��*'�� �w k y,;. � i ��a� � ➢�q�r�ry'. �'����� � '� �'�� n�� {f ��... �� ���I��b .� ,�L {�i� Y� 5 �� � yW� � � h � � a a: � �� ti �� � I � � � � �� ��� ����� � �����i i � � �, g � � ��� f� y p �� "�� ��� �� � �. J�;�� �4 i b ��d N'.� W "4 " ��. � � !.'F Y � P . . � �� �� 5 C+ p '� M � � �^ � a . /M1 �� Y� lo� ���'. t . y � � �. .„ "�, �Y �._ .� YY � � p �� � � �. ➢y �r: � � �' � � ��.�� � � �P � • !a ±y { � � � °� .Ed+ Yi� S � � �Y��• S.S � Z � Ir � � �t� 4'� �. Y y 5 c � �"� "�, ,�q ' � !, 1F�'� �-.. �,' e i�. . � ' �� _ � � ".��,,� w �,� .:� � � �.; 4 �-' ' ,� �t � l�s � �9k , � , � � ' ��a.. F � x�. "*r� � � � � �� � � ;s .� .. ,y � �` M'y�,'� ��... q A �� S.. . �� . . . ,.d' � x , b.� ^+ � R. � •" '� s " x� ..,� � � . �.. � ��.. � �� v �� t 4 ��� ���� LL � � l` N � '� • f r , � .. � „ �,� .. .,*��:. . a ~, � V '� , � � � e. . . .r„; , 'A , , . .. �� � �' �.. " , , : ,. 4 ; ,�µ �Rrye p A ���'M� JR p� ��� � � _� � �yA-„Y. � �., � . ` "�M�"4. � I ,.� + �. �,�. �, �,-�„ :. � �: _ . ,,�,. .. ry� � � � �,� ,�, �, , . � / . *o . �� r k �ir. � '�+. �,' +&. � . � A . �,� � . �1P ��' . , ' w�. - �,. - .R i.'!� � �. � �� , � � . ?'i�. 7a. ��'mmic?rant '�r�e'r, �,M 3 . 5 . .ay 15, 1980. �'ic�. 7b. SilVies p.iver a.bove Five Mile I�am, RM 42 Rabove f�aZ�eur T,ake . '?ay 14, ].9�'C1, o Fia. 7c. �'it� �f �`��,�er�' sawmill can Silvies �iver, Btarns (R*'i 32.2 ahavp !�a3.heur Lak��. r� l� � 1`-?�?'}. :;,�c,,. � �,� � ��� - ..',� i'� `� } �'� ��� ' . �� � � �' � i t� � b . `~^". �, a ty"� � p 4 `� . ` w1":"h .r N ^ .M N�' "� `.�'.r�' .5� • � � ���� � � � x �� v � �� ���'� � � � � � " a� �r �, � ,� � ` m , �� �,; �, . ,s � ��� b j�� "� �'� °�� � �� . +�� � � � '°' �"F � '� � "� "° _,,.� .+� � �y" ��� � "��'>� . ��. � � � � � � �� � MIM r ; . , � � �� , � i� � ti,.. � „� � , , � ,� � !� :a�r �,,�'r�` �,� ' r �n . °�. �, �� `:-• .� !�� t � +y^ R r '� � . , ra y� 1"_r,V � m i �a� . +�' � � i�k , p'.. � �+�u�*� �+�� * M1 Y, " P �� . A '��*��5��y�, ����` a�+���� � �A ' , � . �� 4 �!��l�� � } ' ,.,� ,�_ �� ° ��i' . � �% � � �� �� � 1' � � ..•+� n� �"�. p ,i, _...lr�.ur�,. �l : � C.f2 "ii'� � w . F 1Ej ,;, -- . �► �- s:'• � � �" � y ,� _�-. , � � , _ :� 4' . � 3 �, f � � I � � �� 'i � _ - � � . � � q t..� � ° � �. � � . 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' > �, 5 ' 1 +' � t . , frt' � " + � � . � . - ' � . � � � � � .�y• ' .Y ' � �{ � ' . � , t � , � .� , - .r �` ' lt` �'� � •' r A ' � k '�ry�'' i'-I :4 ' +eti ^r.� •;r �� "� FL' ��� 7 `� ' �'� � � - ry � ��.�+�``���.. 't � ` �* :. r .'.. 3 �^ � 7 �1 . - � .J � ��• ,.�' , L . ='�.�-. � � ��� �� ��� 'i4•• � r � V . I . t I �„J � at � � ��: ��� j T y �. f� •• ' ` .� ' '�y �?'� '�*� �� ��,•� • J • •� ��, y l�� � � • ;'�► �' � ��+ ♦ �. , j � � y t : �'� y = � ; � ,1� . �^� t �� k . �/ � � �f� . . I�, �� _' ti ' .1 1 � .y� � � ~ +� �,f - i` s �-�i ��'�� ,�'. � �', �K - . � F �' 'Y C4 '� ' • '�'C� �..-� r � � r � M '�' �. � r . ' . J � � ,ti � - . .a a . T� '. �� �� + ' `.� ' =•�t ; r� � ,�, -;�: � � ,,: . . � .;��,.� _, � a F � : ! . .,j ' ,'�` . ,' `. ..a .�; �,t• �-' ��'� �{ Z� � " �1 - � - , « ' 4 • "� �wD � 1 . ',l_� • r� n _,_, y :�,� E � � � ,: f ' . k l '� . 1 . �'+r"� � \ T� ` \�+�� 1 k� � �� � � ��� ! �-� � �� �� 1��. tih _ � •� � .� �� ., . � i '�� �-• � i � y � � �� ' � � � � �� • r ' , ,..�� • � � + ��� 1 `} � , . � ,� +} '+a �� � ` `� `` - . � r � �.ai ' �' • i� . !, `,!F � •'� � ��� i � 4 � � ��.�� � � t � �' • '� ", � h t .i1 ,�� � �` r , , .,.� �� ,�•� � ; � Y „, , n,_ ,; , �.. �_ r � � i . �� - „ � J � �• ` ' f � � i, � . � � l �, �� - •3 l� ' S , �� � � .� a �!f'� y � � .� � �, �, � ,lY' f. *� . � � �' : ia anr� from there they �r�ere all run down said river toqether to the s�w miZl on said river, near th� Town �f Burns �,,�here they now are. The loas rTsn at said time as afor?sair� hy �ay�r are aI.Z marked �.aith one or two notches to distinguish them fraf� the *tatney loas; and said Ioas are now lyina in Gilvi.es Piver at said saw mi�l, for la}�or perforMed. 5. 4�1. Eernet�y cut and haulec? lqqs for '��tney hetween the enc� of tanuary and mi.�-,7une wnen he 1,Tprkec3 10 �?ays on thP river. C�r1LrQ (s�iq. �} .52 Tn L�ecember 1900 the Timherman repartec3 th�t "The sawriill of Sayer � Kinq at Burns has heen closed �own for the present Tt1P. crew is now bankina lncrs for use in the sprina." 1'ut the ��rns r�ill w�s destroyed by fir� that season, tne r^illinq op�rater 4.�35 txansferred hack to Cricket Creek, and the histnry of 54 1oa drives an the Silvies ended. ?±Zthouo,� it would seem th�t a sma�l t�ortion of r`ricket c'reak an�3 a�anver �ortion of Fmmi�;rant C'reek sustair�ec� some locr flotation it was not extensive enouc;�1 to con�titute a k�asi.s f.or navic�ability for �itie p�rposes. At least 12 years of c?riving Si�vies Fiver £ram t�� mouth of �F,hsmiqrant Creek to Burns, however, wouZd sPem to be suf.f.icient to enahle �he state tp claim the ?�ed af �.he 5ilvie� in that re�ch. 2p .TO�rN nAv The �asin From an arm extendina south from its terminus in the Columhia niErer thfs hasin forms a qiant 8,0�� �qu�re mile paw in the centPr af nreqon (Fia. 9). The headwaters of th� main steM, which is 2f��! mi1�s 1onR, flaw south �rom the �trawberry ttountaan ranqe 4rhich, uniike r_th�r_ ranqes in the skate, has an east-west axis in mi�-�recxan. ?`lowinc� from east to west, thP ,7ohn F?ay collects t}ze waters from the north slap� of t�ais ranae until at the town of Davvill� it is joinec� ry the south Pork w.hich �rains the western portion of the Gtrawberry ranae. `I'heir comk�ined waters �hen f.low north to Kimber�y wh�re the 1�?o�th Fnrk, �hich w�th the F�i�3die Fork c'Lrains the western slopes of the Blue F�ountains, joins the main stem. To this poin� thP �•�atershe!� fozms about �0 r+ercent of Grant County. T.t Kimberly the .7ohn Day enters ?•�eeier �"ounty and flov�s west to that �t�ra.sdiction's �order h*ith .7e£fersan Co�tnty, then north aqain on the finai 3.30 mi.l.es to the columbia. `"his r�ortion o� th� ,'tahn nay watershed and Sah�eler. County are vir.tivaliy identical. In its zricldle reac��s in Grant and W4zeeler Counties, the �ahn ?�ay �isplays its distinctiv� aeoloctic feat�res: layered hasalt butt�s often tap�?ed wi.th columnar prom.ontories; on the slopes red, areen and buff F'ocene f.ort��tions frequently show thern�elves; and a snarse cTrowth of juniper spreads over the entire landscape. �lc�na the Yiver the �asalt cli£fs impinqe on thP r�hannpl whi 1 P thP hP�3 i� �f l�rae sizec� c?ravel thraucxhaut. (Fiq. l0a) . '^here is snme aQricultural lan�? alonq the river in this n�rtaon of the basin. ir, its finaZ Ienqth the John nay forms the �arr3er �etween Sherman anc� Gilliam Counties. 4��ile the wdt�rshe� �echnica3�3y forms over half. of the former and �35� of the latte.r coun�.y, little flow is contributed hy tributaries 21 in ehis reaion which is a semi-arid grassland plateau t�rouqh which the xiver 55 cuts a dee� �epression. Gtreamflow �ata exists fo� vario►as noints in the hasin. The follawing tablc indicates �isch�rae �t key points: ?^_ate �.iver A?i1e Xe�rs M 9'ic�h Lo4� (cubic feet per �econd} Strawberry Creek � 48 3.2.7 274 1 Jahn �ay ?51 1� 192 5,830 3.5 near ,7ohn Day J'ohn ❑ay 2�5 52 ��5 8,�70 1 near South Fork ��i�?dle Fork 1�}.9 49 242 4.73� .9 Plorth Fark 35.3 53 1,22�? 33,�00 17 3�, :"ibnUi*��`R� John nay at I5E.7 SO 1,82I 4(?,2G0 � Service Creek �TOhn nay at 2n.� 7� 2,noz �z,sna n HtcDona lr3 Ferry �']iese fiaures indicate that the *TOr.th Fork contributes thP nreatest volum� ta the river's fl�,a and that litt�e addition is �^ad� in the lower ].50 miles of the r�ain stem. r�ot sho��m in these f.iaures i.s the enormous variations of discharge from year tn ycar with a cyclical low series nf runo€fs durinq the 193f?'s. The fic?ures tenci to indicate another fact, r+any af �he myriad watercourses o£ the 1-�asin �re dry most of the ypar. F�inall.y �n the mountainous headwaters, peak flows occ��r from �ate P?arch to early ,?une wit� over ha�f the annual �lischarqe �gpearinq in two-three months.`'� �'he hasin was oriqinally se�tZed. near r��yon City an� the Blue 1�ountains in order to exploi� mineraZ resources. rrazinc� and aariculture follo+aed by forestry, es�ecially along the !�Torth Fork of the .7ohn bay, have since become thP l�adi,nq economic activities of the basin. Fecreation is a minor activity, 22 though river tours of the Jahn Day hav� increased in populazity in recent years. Na�on Lag tzans�ort use of the �ohn Day has been almost non-existent. Beginning with the Strawberxy Mauntain headwaters, the sawmi.l�s in thzs regi.on were usually located in the tzmher at �he foot of th� moutain like �he Kuhl Bros. sawmill on Strawberry Creek eight mi.les south of Prairie City. Byram Bras., however, at one time �loated cox'dwood down Canyon Creek �.o Ganpon City a� flood stage, prnbably fram the creek which bears t.heir family's name and prabably in the �.ate nzneteenth centuxy. In another partion of the basa.n, the Chee L�.mber Company proposed in 1923 to use the North and Nli ddle E'orks of the John Day fqr log drives and then from the junctiion of the North and South Forks to float logs daan the ,7ohn Bay t.o the Co].umbia. In order to assist the drives they constructed a splash dam above Spray (Fig. lOb) and proposed to erect two others at the mouth of Rock and Butte Creeks (River Miles �35 and 97). 'I'he Public 5ervice Commission granted Chee Lumber a franchis� which extended to Praizie Gity (RM 262) River Mile 87.3 af the North Fark and River Mile 60 of the Middle Fork. The on�y information the Commission r�ceived that the company had driven the John Day was of an experamental c�rive of 200,000 feet of J.ogs �'rom Spray to the Columbia River. 'I'his c?id not occur unti.l 1935 and in 1539 the Commission revaked their franchise. Whether any of the headwa�ers of the Middle Fork or North Fork - the latter having the largest flow af any tributary - stis�ained log drives is not knawn. �'he most fanciful episode of naviga�ion an the 3ohn 17ay was the follawing:�'� In 1895 Charli.e Clarno, son df Andrew Ciarx3o tne pioneer Inuiei� fighter and stockman at Clarno an the John Day river 100 mzles southeast of 2'tse Balies, la�ched the John Day Quaen, t�'�e only steamer ever ta operate on the John Day ri�er. Chaz�ze farmed on the WY�eeler cour��.y side of the John Day and operated t ferry at Clarno. 23 � � � L - � �` "`+::�` y �r .� i►'s�.i.'�r w. -• � . � � - •:•� �c � � � - ..,.. 1 � � " �.+ ` m ° � ! `� � � -,� : . . . . �. � .rPe°'r�- �: i�h"�r :.�. . ����- .�'1 _ - .+" s � � �. _ �._- , ��:fi, ' �� '+ ^�p¢ �f F {` �ty M s . ,.i,.�"�'�i^�L_a�.,. • a--.y'`„"`-'fY!� pS t t+ , i �, y� �, �' .'�� r�. _ `` � :�'` � -. .� � _ 1:' f r. {. r� 8� ti, 3 f ta ,'.� lP :� . J!` •.' 1 _. a ;�' . f � "�' 4 �}� �� S=� .� R y,:�'rf� � 4�.��� � � � � ' ;- � . ��. .'� t . t�� r. �. t . -� � 'd.4 w .a . ' � , a• , . �.i E � r. ; � r • r r - : - �s � �s. ,r:`t. �,, . . 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''�c`a� �, �- '-+�► - . - _ - � ��� -' � " _ _ � � _� , ��� �_. " -` � � _-�` '3.r- c"_ �_ �� ��� �� ir x .��� _� i -_.� ' `•c � + " ��iq�'1C" � , ; . _ �a ''� { F .+��a � � ; f 6 ;.. � , � �� i � t � �-��'.�-� a ���:� � ��'� �� t� : ._ � �' , y "e � '� y � ��Yl��a� - fe s. .�s� "� � . ., �C;� : 'r; ; � i ,� f �F� r i � s� ii� � -`. e 5 �! ��� � z � .Z� _ � +•` - � y��� j . r � e ,� � . � � C �: �. "a .yr' � '!^ �!7 1 '�� . (. . �_ ' ' �'?,''r - f � .,'%� f k` x ..;`�� T �'? � d '7�.�y' � � *� ��,; � �,.,.� . � ��� . �. } j �°`�� - � � � �`,..� �. � ��.5 � . ��G�, n ' � �7�' � 3�t, `' � � `� ��.,{ �j `�"� ��° r..�^ }'.�• }` 7 ' ' � .�' i'+;�',.1t��+n.��9►r�. a �+��, ���. � � �x°... R� « � '•� � � _4�� ����� ,� €�, F � �. o ' f � � f i � � :� � � ��a� � cU r U •�-I � . .—I U C ' -� Q � [l. U; � Rri ' C7 � =•i O rG O U C 4 ts -a � � � � O �+ t O �' � � ,� 6'+ Gn � � ° {J cn �.i O ra .±: -•� .--t Q} .tJ � •� • � U ri Q1 Q fU o- � � •� 5 1S} � r--I �+ �i" q1 � Q1 .�i :� �� .0 C� Y� 4 C. i�1 ,.0 C; C� � -`�i°a��. . �J � �� � -� j a � aG . s ; '"� �� k � - � : � : 4� �:. h a �.} � ��.�. � ; � + �-e �`� , �{ � � #:�Y'. x''�.. R �;: Lk � � � ;; �; 3 � " a .«. "As a boy Char�ie had �xperimented with buiZding small boats on the John Day, including the ferry he operat.ed. Sy the time he grew t.o manhood he had saved enough maney �.o buy a boiler, Iumber and �quipment ta set about buiidi.ng a miniature stern- wheeler, patterned aft2r the larger boats operating on the Columbia river. It was bout 40 feet Zong, 10 fe�t high and ,10 �eet wide. �'he pilot house was th ree feet square and about the same heighth, just room for Charlie's head and shoulders. H� stood on a platform ta operat� the steering helm. "During high water Charlie would take m�:mbexs of his family and the neighbors for 100 miles around, naviga�ing up and d�wn the river for a dozen arEiles ahove and below C�.arno, demonstrating his ability as both captaan and engineer. The boz3.�r used wovd to make steam for the engine to turn the paddle wheel and his passengers were often obliged to help cut wood along the banks of the river far fuei to cruise with. On moonZigh� na.ghts al.l the young and old ala.ke for miies around were taken a}aoard f�r moon- Zight cru,ises and all night darices. Charlie could play the banjo and Laura played the specialiy installed organ, and there was always a fiddler or two for music which lasted vntil the wee hours of the down. These sing and dance fests were ane of the important pioneer socxal events of t3ze Gay Nineties E�'ig. 13.} , "The John Day Queen was used for rescue purposes during high water and was also tised as a passenger ferzy at CZarno until the bridge wa5 built in I897. The river cou�d be forded at the bridge Zocation in 1aw water, but in order to maka a dvllar Charlie would warn aZl strangers about (non-existen t) qui.cksand which made them wil�ing ferzy pa�rons. Local residents and stage drivezs never botiher�d abont the f�rYy exce�t during high water. At the turn of the century Char�ie decided to take the John Day Queen down to Portland and opera�.e it as a pleasure craft. Friends at CIarnQ offered to help him get it by th� rapids, during the spring hian wa�.er. Bu� his h�lpers faz�.ed tc� keep the boat ir the main current at the rapids, and it struck a rock and sank. The only commezcial navigation of any consequenc� on the John Day consists of float trips by commercial o}aerators. In 1g76 the Bureau af I,and Management issued permits ta seven private operators,wha carried 298 persons over various reaches from Service Creek Bridge (RM 156.5; Fig. 10) to the river's mouth. Ac_�r3it�Znpa7 i j ��,�r ? ; Snn �� � � �.:sed r�rti ;: s :�� *� t � .e s�� �e� ic:� o� the river on a nan-com�nercial basis during �.hat year.�� Therefore a claim of th� State ta the bed of ti.he John Day would rest an this type commercia2 t�se and would extend from River Mile Z56.5 to the: mouth in the CoZvmbia. 26 DESCHU'I`ES The R asin The 1]eschutes River Basin, exciudinq Crooked River, has a battle-ax shap�d configuration to the east of the Cascade *4ountains and south of the Columhia River inta which tihe F�eschutes er�pties (F'icr. I2) . The main stem is 252 miles �ong and the besin occe�pies 6,253 square miles. uearly 85 pereent of ~Tefferson, 7o percent of Wasco, 31 percent nf t�eschutes and 12 percent of Klamath counties lie an the hasin with small seqments af Hood, Sherman and Crook caunties. All of the P7azm. Springs Indian Reservation is in the Deschutes Basin. The main tributaries, with the exception of Crooked River, fZaw into th� Deschu��s frnrn the Cascade �tauntai.ns. Of rhem the Z.ittle Deschutes and the '�etolius are the larqest.� Streamflaw data is coilected at several points alonq the l�eschutes and its tributaries as fo1Zc�,�s: River Point [Jpp�r Crane Prairie Res. Reiow Crane Prairie ?3am. Reicr�� Wickiup �am (Little beschutes helow F�aPine) Benham 3?alls Below Bend ?�ear Culver (Metoli.us at Grandview) *�adras Moody �ti le 243.5 238.2 226.4 2�.8 Zfi�.4 164.4 i�o.s 13.6 10�.1 �.4 Years of Recorfl 41 �� 40 54 �� 1 F4 26 S�3 55 74 ��ean Flow Hic�h Low (cubic feet per second) 153 484 40 213 117� .9 748 22F30 �0 20fi 3fi60 8 142�1 5000 363 5�.5 2A2f3 1 924 3ID0 48fi 149B 7 530 ZO€i0 4479 158�(7 Z2�0 5$27 75500 2400 27 Streamflow patterns of th� neschutes are very interestinq. �arly settlers claimed that the river. never flooded or greatZy changed its surface level beca�se the porous lava rocks in the upper basin absorbed excess water and gradually rel�ased it. A rise of two feet at Rend in 1909 was reqarde� as a catastrophic flood.�� Stable flaw was also accounte� �or hy the fact that sno��nelt Aroduced the largesti flows �urinq summ�r and tende� to be f.airly constant from day to day. The natural runoff �attern wnir.h witnessed low flaws �urfnq winter freezeups and �iqh £lows �urinq s�unmer was altered hy the ever increasina �iversion af neschutes waters �urinq th�s r.entury far irriqatfon nurposes. Much of the �iversion occurs at Eend, as may be seen by studyinq the above table, and presently law flows occvr durina summer months when irriaatian nxessure is heaviest. The �etolius has the famaus characteristic o£ appearinq from �he shadaw o£ Black Butte as a fuZi flowina river. It �as the most st��e runoff pattern of any stream in the hasin (FiQ. 13}.� This tendency for streamflaw constancy thrauqho�t the year is similar to rivers in K.lamath Basin to the south and in marke� contrast �o Silvies P.iver and other streams to the east. [•'hile the tributaries of the Aeschutes often have very steep qradients in their upper reaches, the �eschnt�s has a low qradi�nt af �.S feet pe� miie drop in 70 its upper 7i �iles. Similariy in its lower 95 miles the Little Deschutes river drops on2y 9 feet per mil� and has a sezpentine course reminiscent of �udding River.�� Zn its middle r�ach, the aradient �f the �eschutes hetween Benham Falls (]�M 18I, F�g► 14) and the mouth of the Metolius (RM 11Z) increases to 38 feet per 3siiie, �uL Lnen again mociera�es Lo i's ieeL . �ex mi�e wnie� iz maintains �o iLS mouLn (Fig. 13). The t�etoiius's gradient is a uniform 35 feet per mfle thrauqhout its entire Ienqth, comparable to that nf thP �eschutes in the same terrain. The primary pU�p05� of �arly white settlement was qrazing and agr�culture, hut since the beginning of the century lum}�erinq has h�en the �rimary economic 28 a 0 0 � (�SHE 133� NI ) NOIldA3�� 0 v N � O M WFlfl dt1IH�EM 0 a a c� �i�Niad CC o W N 7 � o � � � �3AI�Nns m S�7tld NfdHN38 a ftd > o � ~ 3NId b� � �i Q �� B � � 1��- � o � � x U G � � � O s7 v� � �� V � 0 N �� \, Q` J`' ° q0 �'� �� � .o � 29 � : GJ J � a o � _ � � 0 �I4'Q NOl"E3d 0 �, 0 M'13kStlN 0 � � W o ti► m 7 _ N o ►�ianew � 0 0 a 0 W J �.�. O ° m � �' �¢ w �1.� m 0 �~ U O O � � (f} ° 2 a � � W ti �� � � � � � W ; 0 �� _ � � I.L� O r , L � �.� �� k#._Jr,�' �� ,�` �� . � � � � � , .,, g ��u � �� � �' °' ? 1 . 1, F M" "�j7 Y� k � ��n �qY �� � � :�;�� a '^::� �` �r^�l z',`� ' � �, a -�� ry �: + � `•.� � �-r `�,. 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'� � ��`�,�" � T +/�:,�� . � S r � f..� � � y :. . � � ,' • • ,. � � :; .*�r� .� , - ..�' ' ' �'`. !" 4 ¢ � c � . 1!', � � r �.. • � �". �� � � ..r � ��+�j at�' „ �� a <� � � �.r � � . � �'✓"�� . . 44��r: ,� :, . r A�� re �- d y ;� � � 'b'� �. �". .«.'a � .. 1�;�' 4 �'� �". �'� : � � ` �� q �,`- f,f a w S°_ �a� +h, t `r . . r� . °��� �** ,�� ^ `''. ��. �i �b a�_ � . o � , a` �rr r � J . . , � ,�,+ . - . � . , . ' « a � ,�� .�n .. � . . . � ���`.� � "'�✓ �'��.T .� "�' _, " s_ , 4 - i * �, - ' . S' .;w.yr �'�' �,�" _.a: �� , d•�• k �.'. '� h6 . . . q � . . ,. ' �. � `•� , h � �. ,�� ..-. . , �'i. r� , ' +.�+.�.�,, ' �� Y > , � . W.� �.� � � �' ■ ' � � � . � , ` +��� ' '� . � ��� �� ���� � ,,, � � �,����+�j, � , � ��l�1 � ,� pursuit in the basin. Mast economic activity is in the middle and upper portion of the basin, and here �ourism has increasingiy vied with agricu3.ture as the second most important segment of the economy. t�av�ati°n 2"he fur trappers who gave the name River des Shutes ma.de one a�.tempt to take their furs out on canoes. 'i'his occurred on Capt. Nathaniel Wyeth's second trapging expeditian in I834�35, Wyeth's party went up the river hy horseback from the Columbia. On I�cember 24, probably in the vicinity of the present Bend judging by the mileage estima�es made in k►is jaurnaL, they encount- ered a blowinq snowstorm and lost their hoxses. 'I'hey then "cut c�wn two large pines and commenced two canoes." They were completed on the Iast day of �he year and cal�ed by Wyeth's men Black Snake anc3 Triton. On Januaxy l �835 they took the canoes five mi.les upriver where t.hey encountered a fa3.ls, probably Benham F�1as, in attempting �.o assend which got fil�ed �z� watar and a�teri ward in to�ing with f.he line she broke loase and went dowr� stream. We recovered hex after a lang xun ana assended again to the rapid. After reconnoitering they found tha� a few mLies south the river ran smooth, so our men took our boat up to the zapids anc� spent the resi.due of [�an uary 2j in getting our canoe pas t the xapi.d most of the time up t,o my mi.dd�e in this cold water. Had to make a portage at last of about 1/4 ot a mi.le the river here makes a detour to the E� and arounc� S ta west to the }alace where we take aur things a crps s . Ort the 3rd they trapped and "finish�d making the portage..,the other Boat also rr�� �+n#�t-inrr A}tf1[TP. t � �}1F� YlPXt'. C�dV �leV �..�.. .,.. ...,-�.. y .��.... ...' _'-� ----- - --� � + t,aok a jaun� up the river at about 6 miles straight line S. the river �orks in�.o two apparently equal streams fal�lowed the �eft one about 2 sniies S. by E. [Little Deschutes� and returned to camp tired enough...the river winds so that we have to paddle twice the real dis tance. They camped at the farks and explorec� to th� south, b ut there wex'� almc�set constant 31 snow storFns and at one paint the channel froze over. Then on January 12: Started up stxeam and made 8. 6 mil�s at which point there is a cansiderable creek caming in from W.S.W. water as warm as t.he main river and not frozen up. Then 3�iles S.S.E. and campeci. 13th 6 miles W, by N. creek very winding an,d more rapid than usual and camped just below a sever rapid. 14th Passed the rapid on the south side of the south channel there being a sma1Z island at thzs place jus t above the islanc3 there is a raft af drift timber which extends across the whoZe riv�r this we made a portage of fox about 6 rods. at the rapid I hauied the canoe wading in th� water about was�e deep and remain- i.ng in it about 3 hours and got quite numb but at �.as� got through with it. W� then assended the riv�er 3 miles more in good water but very winding S.W, to make whioh I think we padd].ed 8 miles �o another rapid not sever...soon conciuded not �o pass this rapid and returned to fi.rst rapid. 16th Star�ed down �.he stream and made the portage of the fa11s. I7th Nfoved Qamp down str2am abou�. a mile and found our o�.her boat wi#h Mr. Richardsan & Rob[in]son.....tney rai.sed camp wzth us and we stoppec� the canoes where we buil� them and made a por�age of �./4 of a mile. This severe work in deep snow we then descended alaont 3 miles and came to rapids par� of which we let our boats av�er by the l�.ne in about �/2 mile more came ta worse rapids and mads a portage of about 1/8 mile then immediately �et the boats down further rapids about �00 rods ta do which I had to remain in the water the whole time it was after dark when I go� through„ The other boat go� nearly th rough and gave it up and T suppose hav� camped without fire pr food. �'he river fa�l.s at each of these carzying places at least �0 feet. 18th Wen t up abov-e the las t rapid to see the other boat found them comfortably camped they made a portage of their things and I att�mpted to run theiz boat empty just as 2 took the Shu� the bow struak a rock I did not see ehe ewung round fil.led at once anc� commenced whirling over like a top I hung to her and passed wifhaut futher da.�age than smashing both of my feet severel.y between the baat and a rock...we run by the ri�crer about �rvo mi�es and passed some bad rapids then ma8e a portage of about a 1/� mzle into a slew of the river which we followed about I/4 mile further then were forced to ma}ce a had portage up a St.P__PQ hanlc nf lava �hniit 1f1C] FPnF �Yhic rn�taaA ahni7t 1�Q miln wn,�, then ran about two miles futher and camped...men much tired and discouraged and wish to abandon the canoes whicY3 � dQ not mean to da until I am obliged to. 32 �> u � � ° � � � :���, � � y �,� �'�� � � ,�,'• � _ � "fi°i w� �aa 4 � w � +� ,.: �,r �rr�. „�,,�� � ��,, �;°", m M^��� � � � ' �'�a,�A', � r. �, « �"� '' � �,, :�- '�, . � � 9 �� ��,' Y� "4 U *1 �� . + '�if ., � � �j ���� _ � `��.� .. � : � K .� � ' .r � x�� •'. � �H � � � ' , �1 , •�^ � S ;� ' � ''�, A "; :. 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And thus ended the oniy known use of �he Deschutes as a hi.ghway foar the �arly 73 fur tz'ade . Given the primacy nf Zogging in Deschu��s County', and the moderate gradient of �he rivar there, one might expect t�'ie Deschutes to have been the scene of aonsiderab�e log driving activity. H. D. Langille and others asserted in 19Q3 that the West and East Forks of the Deschut.�s were v�ry gaad driving streams durinq the spring fJ.aod, Con�rary to this the early notices of log supply to Steidl & ReQd Con+pa�ny's sawmil2 on the north side o� Bend and the Pi1ot But�te Development Company (PED or Bend Campany) sawmil� south of town (each bua.lt in 19a3? indiczte that sawlogs were hauled in bp horse-drawn wagons (Fig. 17?. 'Fhe well known gi.cture af the Bend Company sawmi.2� on the �iver taken by Fa.�ford in 1947 shows log� in a boom on the river, but this was a holding baom for logs du�ed in from t�he shore, not a sheer boom tn catch logs coming down t.he ra.ver (Fig. 16) . Only in 1911 did the Bend Company maunt a short drive to th�ir mi].1 from the canyon above town. Logs were either snaked down tYze bank or sent down a chute into the rivQr, Drivers aided in a baat and p�;��d off snagged Zogs unti�, they arriv�d in the holding area beside the mill (Figs. i7-22). TYie Bend Company again drove 2 miilion fee� of logs down the Deschutes in the stu�riar c7f i�12� iru't. W�ic��El i.h�Y riau iuxt�ici di.i.vc5 �EfGic 't.i WAIIi. vLi� G� Y'ii]S1T'i86�u 7S in 1915 is not known. In 1917 the IXL Lumbcr Company plann�c3 to exploYt the river in earnest. �'hey obtained a declara�ian from the new Deschutes County Gourt that the Deschutes Riv�er was a highway for �loating logs and �imber above Benham Falls {RM 18Z, 34 .. 4,� , !' � _ � � � � _ - i. � — � �;�� - _ � � i � u� ; r _ i r a� � �_.a i' f .. jk _ � :�: - _-�.� ser� � , �, F � � �" 'i . �, �.�:. � t '�� � .; S � . r ' :.� � r ! ;� _ i� ;;;,� .. • '� ` •� 1' . � r � k -- � ���' . :/� * i y' �,.�� a. . :�> # � � '"� i� c � �� 'a� - ��� J x � , �� ;� � �. �� ��' �:I ' � -:4r \ t 1 � .` , .� . ��� � �;. ����' �s� �� � � � f � ,}�,.�� ��-`.• �4:;` r., .. . . H �`;,; ;,� . +4 7 � 1 �'., . �; ' � �� A r ! + ' ' , �! ��l.�� , � 2 ' � ��' .. �' � " � � . � �.' 'ry.• '' �� S ' . '_'� �• ,~ � ,y. 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' ��� •, �.�. �„ - ' �: .` � w �.� +�. ` ._ , +,,�'1'r'„'}1►*+yr.���--,F Y'�''j�``=^� � . .�,- t ���, i. ^+ t . 7� �w.. c �� -�}:�����- U►'���� <� ��.r. � # � .►, i • . � t .. � ' . � ,�. .:.y z�,F �t �; :, j "'��F ."= ` �..�.= . _. *�i " ��►" ' � r - 1 w cY;* n�"- ti'�� � �1� �eCi�� �, �.� � I�-E �Y 1�.4�"'r� .!- � . , � w � : �- �` ' ��� � � .�'_ �_ ����!r� s •� �_ '�� y_ �.�-� E. _.r- ' � :i_��14�_ - _ _ � _ �t_'� 2i Y ' .� ,t .-- -�t ,,; ; s ��� � , �r �►-�-,: � -�.�- ,�� � �'�� � r' �lQ• �9• Logs snaked inta Deschutes River far Ber�d Company drive, 19I1. Deschutes County Museum. V �� � fI � y �. y. :�, s�� _ .,F . � �..�� y: . aJ�..'�� `�� �� ��` � � /• ~� • _� r� 4 � ' t� � �� +�� '., ' ,.� � ���rr ♦ :�.�:.';-=�-- ,'�►t+.`,'� ;N '�' . � _. • T� � � � � 1 . 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" ' ��. .. � �} `�.t � �( � �. - i�� .. . �. e � r , r � � �' � s .,�.:� i� ; � . �'� _,'f:�.s�^^ . � � � r � � : . �.. � � _ ' . � � � � ` � ` ': . � „� �=��; . ,;� r . � � � ,,: +��, - � � �4 * � `�, �., .. �` � ��• � r ' � ` �� `� P� .,.4� - � , ' � � .� . - �, �� f � + k , , •�' �'! + + t � 3 �� ��� ' : , � � � � .. .ir� "t '� e1.i . � .•� ' i' � . . ! � � 1 ` � ' � •��. �. f� � t t r 9 � • � a'Y � , �' � � L • *��, . ,�; i: ' ' �� v°` � `���l�_ ' ; �'� ` ' j �- �ti i'� .��� � �'.r ,�F �� [ � t �. - . � T � C � - � " � � 1► , .. � � � , ' �. • � f ,,� -�. f i � , �i A � N jx . � _ . . . ,_... �. .. 41 Fic,. 14} south to the Klamath County borc�er on both the Big Iziver and Little Deschutes. �GY Purchased the Masten mill near River t�.ile 42-�33 on t I.it�.le Deschutes sauthwest of LaP3ne and prepared to ship t.heir lumber dawn that waterway and in the main stem to Benham Falls. There �Y►e lumber would f�e taken out and trucked to Bend.�� �an Hollinshead who was �mployed on this venture has written an arnusing accoun� of its �ailure. Fa.�st the ].aose sticks of �umber piaced in th�e river to be £lum�d to B�nham �'aZls sank or jammed. Then the lumber was formed inta small raftis which were joined tog�ther by 2 x 12's to €arm a�rain forty-twa rafts long containing about a tYsousand �oard feet, This cl.umsy arrangement was not wel� adapted �o the twisting course of the Little l�eschutes in the f�.at up- land through which it flawed. Mr. Hollinshead says the ventvre lasted abo�t twa manth during one sum�ter and then ended. �$ Shortly after th�.s Dean Hallinshead also tooic Zogs down the main Deschutes from the Pilot Butte area for Schevlzn-Ha.xon_ '1'hese logs w�nt down fmm Harper Bra.dge to �win Bridges at Swz River (�tM 199-191.5) where they were taken out for Lransport by truck to Eend. There were three men with a boat an this drive, though other Iogqing contractors zra.y' have also operafed for Schevlin-Hixon at that time. The c+�mpany blew aut Pringle Fal3.s (Fig. 1" ) to facil.itate this drive. Their use af the river at this d�te probabl.y did not last more than one season. 79 Ana�her short drzve tovk �lace to tY►e Masten Mill from a rollway a couple of miles upriver an the Littla Deschutes during 1923. F. 47. Tomes dc�livered 674,217 feet of logs at the roilway during May and June of that year which were marked T. C. G.. (Chris) Hollinqshezc3, Dean's brother, a].so placec� a lien �n logs 80 marked W delivered at the upper ro�lway that season. That woul.d hav�e been the history of log drives on the e�per Deschutes had i� not been for the fact that at thc end of the Depresszon, Schevlin-Hixon decided that the cheapest way to bring out thei.r timber around Wickiup Reserw ir would be on the Deschvtes. A massive drive was �o bring 2E milZion feet of sawlogs down 8 �. the river from that reservoir during May 1939 (Fig. 23} : 4� 0 <� � - � x � �,' � �� �� �. � _ ��Y � ,� . r �� " �' ` , ~ � '� �� ' � ° I � a � �� � + � � �\ � j [ k � _ a + S �i + �� � � �� A � '�. ���� � � 1 I o �: ' �*` ��� `t . r `� � � � , � �• . . t, � �,, : ,� � � ,� � ;� . � o � 1� s�' � ►; � ' �' � . � . �� - a .�, �_ �,.. :`.,-_} . d .; . 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'.s.� " � 1 + � "r :� i"�-' �i' LI �A -� ?'er • _ , � �t r � � .. ._ , . � , . - . , - ' LL �,y,_,w,. . f ^ � . � . , ° � . " � .^^ „ , . ,�t W � r . f _ . ,.. — y �,�, . . ' ` , � ..,, - r�.�,X , t' ' , . _ .x. . _ . ._y > ._ - "" _ ,P,,. ._. .,r.� . .}"'�'�'�.� - � " ., � � .W _ ,�� , .,,, . . r - . . .� � .. � � �. �, » . s �, �.,:�.,.-�.�^ ° �r�,,.: - ' �." " .� W � � . �, . ,,, r , ��� . � � w�. -- � .� ,. .. -,.Y.. � - .� r � . . �"�� �� ..� r � _ � � �. ,� � �rr � � �9 ,�r ` wr+ •�' "M�, ° ' * �"^�e .,,, ,�° k . t Fig. 23b. Shevlin-Hixon's �.939 "' ° �� •�� • � loc, c3rave a�o�e Priz�gle E'alls. �,°� Wanda V'�atch �Zark photo. „�„� w �#;� w � � 45 �ol '�r�sterson was kina of the rivPr c?rivers ancl could nat be surnassec3 in r. idin� a loq r1c�wn the r�any rani�s of the ""etolius and �eschutes rivPrs or rowin� � sm�ll ���at ti�ith nrovisions, be�?dinq, and camp outfit �f�nen fal�owinc� the ].oc? �3rivers which nvmhereci six to eiah� men. F'.•y Ge�tember, however, 8�0 �oc�s were sY_ill hanke� where they hac� heen ct7t anc? ��;asterson anci the car��+ caok �1.3ceci liens on all the �cxs . �esi�es sQndina ioc�s to the t�urhar^ �c Cow�es sawr�ill f.r�m the r?etoli.us, Zoqs were a�sa sent from the "•"=etolius dc,wn the �eschutes to a sawrRi�l ne�r the mauth o£ Tyqh Creek.��' F'�rther dawn the river a s�ort-I�ved sawmill in Harris Canyon (Rt� 12.3) is also r�portec3 to �ave received Iars dowr, the reschutes for at Ieast 87 tW0 SEd50R5 {�"l�]• ��� + In i�:?2 the ?2ivar Loqqinq S?.umber ^ompami of L'ashinhtan State ap,plied �o the ?���.ic Service Commission £ox a franchi�e ta �rive the '�etolius, trrarm Sprinas r Peschutes Rivers to Kaskela (RF! 79). nant � T?ussel] whn owned timber in the "�teto�ius �•ratershed objectec? and thP ���licati�n t��as �efeate� on the nro�inds that th� company was not incoroorate�? �n �rerran. �eorqanize� in �?reaon �s the �eschutes Pine �`irzl�er C'ompany it investP� S 15 , 0�� i.n the improvement of the ?a�tolius before the onset af th� C�reat ?�epression greventec� them from huildina their sawmill at faskela or c�riving �ny loas.�� In �.uqust I933 a further propasal to c7rive the r9etolius and Deschutes was m.a�3e to the Puk�lic t?tilities ComrtissionPr hy the L�'estern Fine i.umber Comp�ny. Tt�e com�3ny requestec� a rranchise to drive the ^Tetali�is from its snurce to its w�oL�th and the !�escY�u�QS frnr^ that noint to a?�nom neax' �outh ,T�znction (RM B4.5) . !1T1 tf1P. �'leLp�1�15 LtOS?! �LTE°F'L �_Y��R lr�i il! uur�i�ih.Vci � �i7c czjrt�. .�'..F��'Wy}-�t i+hu±� loqs could be �riven without any river i.m�rovements. ]�bove that tributary the ��tetolius would probably have to ?�e �eeaenec� in niaces. 'I'he ncschutes ?'ine "'imber r_oMpany conteste�? their optimistic �rojecti.ons. '!"hcy helievec� that sand �7 x n � �.. � � ��' .' � � � ^ �,� �'� y � � ' � F b � �� �� t � � � � � � � � � � �"` ,� �, � ��� � � � ` . � + � � �'�ka s i� � f� ��, b '� r � � � w �p��' � w C f� � M � `„;� � ' "�' k � �� �w d o fr. }-+ [7� �� ' � e ,��',, m � �.. f.1• :`� Q � w '� �n S � , � � f J �„. 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P � � ��t 4 ' i i�� � .d� . �f� � � � ��I1� �� $� � y f�� ����'� I �� ' ��� � .� I� � ��� � A � � R � Y f n ' ' y � � � � k �� � 'I ���.. � � �,� � � ������ �� i R� � 1' � � `�� � r �� � ��"� � �, ; .� � I ,:�p � t � � ��i u � P k P, � � � }. � � � � ;+ � � � � y � � � � � � � n � � ,� �� �� �, ���'�"� .�� �� ��, r� r . 1 � ! y I � ry � � ' � 7, w � , �� � � h m � . � 1 � i..�� �' .�. ` R I� 1� � � .� 1 � �T �, 4 � � ,yy � tl f �� � $� µ � f 'N � y � L � . � � � ���� y ��Y - "�� v � � ��� V j � ��. W�� � i �"M�' `b r 'r - � �, , � �$ ry n k � � � M4 k ..� d��# k� . �a�` �� � � � ! p �, p, �F �I / i 1,u; X '`� e ,�, i , ,. �,+ . .� . .� „ , ;. 48 ��V�� i�°���� � � � �� � '. � � �, . �� �� �� <�� � � � ��. �t� `� �. �� u . �� � � ,i � � � � N° �� � �� �M ��', ,a 4 i� r x ��H� k� I. ". �� �� � �" I� � 9 . �� ��� ' � � � �� � ' '�. � � �� 4 � � � � ,� y �� � . , r�u 4 � '*'r � ' �V ' , � �� �� �' S �� ` ,��� ���� �. "�"� � .�. , � � .. � �'� F �. ��' t '� ` "'� �"�' �.'� , •� � � � �'��5� � �� F ?��� �Yfl ��� �'�� '� 1 1 • � �x�U ��,� . a ��'�.�'�I �^� . `w��� � ,� y � 1 " ^� b 6 �"� � �i: � , ",+� � �r � � r pt " + I� I. # IIF ' X k � �� �� ����� � � � r i� i .' � ¢. 1; µ � ���': � '� ��,"� �� � � �'� ` �p.! '� 1 . �! .� ^' �a � + , ,�' , �"'� � � , � .�� � � r� �' 0 k n � '�' ��,• , ti� � Y� r t`� �. �i*' , r - r ''° -:��� � ��;��° �� .�,, � � �����„� � ,��`�'° �� �„�, `� °r„, � .:,� . r . q_ , r��� � �, ��', . �' "�'��r �f'� �,��, , �' , � � '� ,'��' : �, � �, "��,�" `'� `. r ��" f .� �� t • ." ' r� �. f� , � M � ' . ;�.`+ � � " � 7 * , ,�� ° V � w • +� o �,�u� .. � y � . z� ; �Wwfi �M � . �� �'"'�. � �" W"`�� �" ' �� x � 'r�•�� � R �� ��� . ,�d" JI� «'�' � , +R ': :n �, ��� . �� , ,�„� ` t ,� �� r � a � + � ��' 'i 4 � �°�� � �' � � �. � � fn... ., t,,"'' ti �I' �_. 1 ;F � v A � �� �� , . �: � �r , - � �. ��� � h M � �� ,.t�^.,.. ;� � � ,i, �,S�Ix,.' �¢' � � �p �i �� � � �� �, Y A . + � , � ��, `. � � � � : y , �, ;, I�, �µ qs ,, � y� �. r �� ��. �� � �. �,� zi ,. . i. � � d � "� � i��.� I . � 'X" �� 4� �' 7 ,p. '�,. t �'; p�,��,��, � ��q , „_ .6�� w;�" � �' ' � �i« $ . „�;� 1 , " ;w � R e , � .,� , � � � �: :,. a � � ��� �'�� �°�� A �.� �; .>� , � b y k y / � � i � � � �� � � w � �a�� * • +t. ' � �" »+� . �� � ��� � m� ��� "y � , �� � � 0 r� - � �� .� .� S-I W � � .1 L� {] fi3 � [Il CY y,� yT� , ,�i C-1 +� �J � � � K.�^, 'k� y� ,ry Q r f� �, � . � r„ � :a� .-� rr+ � � � � bars would impede drives and that a great deal of money would have to be spent ta cxeate a safe booming gx'ound given t�e swift current af the Deschutes. 'I'he 89 fzanchise was no� gra:nted. It is of interest �hat the river reaches they proposed to use included some which had previonsly been meandered - the lower 3Q miles of the MetoZius, River Miles 5�-1Z4.5 of the Deschutes, ar�r� *:he lower I2 mil�s of the Deschutes above the Co�.umb�a Ri�er. PE;;i�,ATION According to George H. Gcdfrey, wk;itewater bouting of the 17eschutes did nat begin uritil. �.938. At �.tie present time, however, paralleling the general growth of t tourist i.ndustry ir; tr.e Descht�*_�s Basin, h�av�� use of t�his ki.nd is made o£ the Deschutes.�� puring 1979, 71 c°a�nmercial r�i�es obtained �ermits �rom the Bureau of Land N�anager�.�r.t tc u�c rhei � 1 ar�ds and faci�i�ies whiie on the Deschutes River. (An additiona�. n�er of guides who do not use BLM tands do not register, so 71 is a minimum number.) They accaunted foz �.0,276 service days of vse of the Deschutes duri.ng that year� a ser�ice c3ay being one persnn �or a significant partion of ane day on t1;�: river. A�o�-t of these persons carried by commercial guides were faZl steelhead .�isherrner: on the laaer 25 miies of the Deschutes. Hut nearly 2,300 whitewater users weze carried by co�rcial guides fram North �unr,tion (RM 73.7) to Macks Canyon (nt�: 23.6) from April 23--Septembe� 30, I979. Other guides ran fram Peltcr� Dum ;�;"�: :.02.5) to t�e mouth. The number af gui.des and their users had almost exactly doub�ed in the twn years from 197'1 when 34 �.�..�- on� ci�ororl o�i �-h RT.A�1 anrl ar-rniznf-ari �[1T 4_� ��i CPYVI C'P C�dVS Of 11SE {F''1Q5. 24. 1j11 1biGa ��':`ys..a��.L�.v �rywa .w�.w•. ...�..� .�.......w..�...r —..� - _�_.___ . f _ . � . 92 25) . A� t.he present �in�e fishing cr� �.he Deschutes ai�ave Bend and the Little Deschu�.es is goor because of the river's irrigation use, so commercial guide use of this a�ea is nat as extensive as cn the Lower Deschu�es. Outfitters da con- siderab].e canae �ivery sezvice or. the river belaw Wickiup Resereoir and a few �arties ar� taken on various reach�s by paid guides. In the 3 I/2 m,zle s�retch from 50 Dillon Falls �o Lava Island Fal].s (Pt� 174.5--178) the S�n River Lodge Marina takes about 3-40Q0 persons on whit�wa�er raf� excurs�.ons annually. CON CI.�US I ON The principal basis for a claim that the Deschutes is a hiqhway wou.ld be activities of commerca.al guides on the stream. 'I'his commercia]. use has been supplemented in the past by lag drives on certain s�r�etches of the river. On this evidence th� State has the basis for a cZaim to fihe bed of the main ste�s af the Deschutes from River Mile 237 in Upper Wickiu� Reservoir, the Little Deschutes from River Mile 45 just over the coun��� lz.ne in Klamath County; and the Met.olius from P.iver Mil� 14.4. 51 ow��� zu�R The Owyhee rises in northwestern Nevada and Owyhee Coun�y in southwest Idahn and then farms fi2.5 percent af Maiheur County in �e sautheast corner af Oregan. (Fig. 26; rialheur Covnty is largez th an any of the New England s�ates except Maine.) The Owyhee cuts a deep canyon of varied geoloqical forma�zons through the Owyhee C3pland (Fic}. 27) and Mahoqany Mountains. The surrounding region is arid grazinq land and is very thi.nly settled. There was an importan� ferry across the river during the nineteenth century called OsayhEe Ferxy neax the present Rome. It was on an importan� mining road between Baise and Winnemuca.� The other commerciai use of th e Caayhee has been 'the recent development - since 1951 - of professional guides carrying taurists down the river, principally between the old Owyhee Ferry crossing and the upper waters of Lake Owyhee or Hol.�-in-�he-Ground. ranch. Each day from April �lzrough June, a party of whitewater rafters or baaters descenc�s over this rout.e (Fi.g. 28) . This is after �he spring flooc3.s when the waters are still high and rela�.ively even- flawing from snawmelt in the headwaters and when �e�eratures are warm enough for comfortable camping. From 1975 to 1976 the number af boaters who travezs�d tliis ri.ver section approxisnately doubl�d fra� 2,182 tp 4,180. Lesser numbers of kayakers rnake arduous whitewater runs from the Ic3aho and Nevada borders down to Rome. Many af the bnaters are in private parties, but some thir�y odd guides presently register with the Bureau of Land Manaqement to run this area. '�is recurring la�e spzzng traffic makes a measurabl� contribution ta the economy ot this physical�y enormous but sparseZy settled precinct af the State. The State af Oregon has the basis £or a cZaim to the bed of the Qwyhee because of �his r.oinmercial use from Rr�me {RM 124) to the uppex Lake Owyhee (12M 67). 52 . „�� .,. � �` ' " �m� ,. ; � , ,�,, � � - . �.- ,� r,; � � , �', � ; � ' � ��' { �` . e � � -�`"�"'-. ... , . , T M �� �` r � . " 1 W . �+ ' J � f , " _ � _ „� � y., � � �,� - � • . ' r_ .,� ���� ��r � � � _ � � .�� �� � � `� � � � � �. � � . y � _ I �.,..,� B ����� � '�."�� ,r„"�r .t+ � * +. _ �� # �""�� � � *� �. ,�, +-�.ta•p3"7� - � . ..� Lia'i� �� y .�. ^�' � ,� �' s--;��� x;. �' � .�,�"'"'� " �,� e ,�:���, � � � � � ��' �. ,,� � >�, �;,•'` „ � ��o �� ,; . . � M� "` `�; `�` � �'�� � .��" � ., �"►, � a�k' � �r��" b. � '� " i� �` � � � i �� a� � _ y � . ,.� �^ . � , �r� a� w ti �.� +� � � • ` " � .w a ,y `n � � . �„ , . , ' ��, i� ' . . � °�',�, � �. �� � . : µ r N � ,. ..� � . , . .. .. � �r�..er4 ^t 'e 7C". Fiq. 2'�a. C:halk Basin fc�arxnations app-�si�: I,ambert Rocks. RM 99, Nlay 12 , 19 84 . M,. - �s r i „�r., � i +;�� �,'' ���_.;. � � � .. . $ Y�t , �1f +�I� _'.�A�1�1�9fw'' _ ���_ , • y n_ y � � �� � 4, . . � .. , r, . . '� ar�:' .�, � � k ,, , � '` i ' xa�. � > *� �t r ''"� r�a � � � �r' �' � � , � +� � ..�a��nw•W =�° �,a.�.� ,.�- i � ; � s�tii�'�`,� .:"«'�°^.�. � � � ",� � � � " � "� �� �u e�� �� , �..,5� m. � � , �� ; � . , � f �� �' „� �?�����;� ��' . . �� �" � �.r�,.. x� � � ,� ' „n ., , � � o '�s�� 5� �. w. , � . �,. °*'" �� "�'„ � . �� , . n ,, , �` , . "��taaa3n ' e _ .� . .,.. ' � � _. , � . � _ . . ��. . w . . . ,.. , . ��n . ., . �S"^�,!�!" .,,. �,. - _ , � .._ . . . .. .. . - � . . � . � .. a'v�"" "�,�� ���'�5�'«""�'"�"< . . "'a�,m z u '��i�< � '�"'�+�' H !4�; ,. , . � �°+�.�,w c.�Tx t ^ � y1 �y �„� ° � � ��� , . � „� ,�� � � ��� � ��� tl'����+�k� �� � �„e, � �` y,.. .: ' „^�� �' N�.� � � � � , . � � � � � � "'��'� �. h �� *tA.� + 5 � . . . . . . �.,�L � � �� »xi�� � ��d �tt �.: �°° "- a, .. . .. � �.-. S.,.w� . .. � . , . . ., i� m, ��s .,. � . � � . .. �'ZC��� L�' FAJ. �W�1.4�� ���� n���'�� Whistling IIird Rapids, RM 91. NSay 12 , 19 80 . 53 y �y y '�,(' Q '. y � y�i'^q d ' a ^ 1 ���I'� ,"� � W+` d" i ry � � f � ♦ �. 31 � A yr .' �71� b, a�� M, � �� � �� µ � �` � �� � �,� � �}p�^`r°���.'�. �.� � . �u �,� y".:�' & ,: � � '�� � � r � e ` � � � � � � � � �. � , � �� � �• ��� � �m� +, a -. . �s �� � � . '�" �r,r�+ d i"+� _ s�. '"^ � � � � ' .nr � <, �', ��'� � �, � � �..�.� i.' � � ;. *�M���* .,+�,,. . � ;-� �' " h, s��� � � �`� � :�� �� � , � � � � � � . � �� � � n�.�, �,�'' '�� w�_ � �"�' .. . .3Mo-.� "� �,� �." .. ��, x , �,,.,:::k. '" �,. , ,� .:«�w � � . . . ��. � . —.� �a - < . .. _ .. ,.. . �, . .. w . . ,�r . . . .� ,_ . ,. � � . � y . � '�.:�......... � � � , � wr �,... .�,.�..-°-,: � , . ,,:..r.. . . �., . . �+,,,,� � . . . �... . w - �^^ •., r� w" . . � .,.,.�. ,,. � � � �� � . .. _, , ,. w ..,.. . . ,�� .... , * * � � �, �` , �" ' . , ���� .. � Y;�Us � . .. - . ^&'a..� w .. � ��.� ¢.M� �� :�" .,�Y .. � � .' 4 ^ s .� �'. �� a, � � � �. � . ,. .�,� � rv�:'°^�' � ,��s���� �" • .*; FIC�g i�c�. �']1S��.1.T1 Bl�€� Rc�p '1 [�S r RMl 9 i� . i�iap 12, 198(l. � ° ^�a° y , '�4.�. � '4`3F.a� � �. �� �e' ���'� .' , _��,�. . .� � �': °�� �°�""e , � ° �� � .��,.� � � ,�, a ; , �„� ��'�` " , "�,,�"�y y� �� 'y �r g `# � � .. -� � �. �, ,� +' ��� ^�',� � ^ .,�� � ��,�,� � pp e 11�4,' I ., F N'W � ��'� � 1' 4 g� m^ p �� � `�, M � �� '�, i1� �� s �� f �w^ � �y � �, ` � � ,� � �„� w ,,� a � :� � ' � 1 � � . �4 � ���� ���d� � �.� %� � � � t � *Y t ��'�� �� � �� � �Pi� ��� � � ..�. s - a �.. ...�, �°_,� u .: '�dw "W;. a _ .I'�' �' �. _ . . . . - . i ���. �?»����, �� J" 54 Fig. 2�. Emerging fram Iran Point Canyan, RM 87. May 13, 1980. M1�LH�UR RTVEI� Use of this ziver for surface transport has been minimal.. A sectian on the upper river once had spZash dam I.oggzng far a few seasons, and on the �ower riv�r Rinehart's ferry operated in the 1870's. The folloowing narra�ive shows that efforts to use the river �a bring out furs were almost as unsuccessfuJ. as thos� on the Deschutes; Abau� 1.898 Pat [Jay D. Fahy] came to Or�gon with Fred L. Gregg, who was re�.urning to On�ario from h�s £orm�r Alba home. TY�e next spring the two men went on a trapping trip along the North Fork of the Ma�h�ur. After securing enough beaver ta Zaad a row boat they started down the ziver fram �eulah [RM 18 North Fork and RN, 9'7 Malheur River] to Ontario. On the river txip the boat upset and thEy lost mos� of �heir provisipns, but managed ta save their beaver peits. There is not even boat fishing on the lower river at the pz�sent tim�, hecause a� the adaerse effects of c3ams and irrigation diversion on flow arsd water quality. Therefore no section of the Malheur is ar has been a navigab le wat�xw ay. 55 T,AKF' CQLTNTY RIVEF�S AND STREAMS In April 1.979 the La)ce County Commisszoners questioned the navigable lb2 sta�us of the autlet of Dog Lake into Dog Creek and Draw Creek {Fig. 29a). Drew Creek f�.ows t�.Yirough a forested area and is simiiar in character to other smal]. st�reams �n Oregon which have been succ�ful Iog driving s�reams. Inquiry a� � e Lake County Courthouse, Schmink riemorial P�useum, and Lake County Lihrary, hawever, failed ta revea7. any intormation about the use of either stream for loq drives or any other navigable use. Thes� inquiries did lead to the further suggestion that Chewaucan River had been the scene o£ log drives. This strean� (Figs. 29b, c) is even more suscep�ible for log fZotati.on then Dog and Drew Creeks, an.d the river d�a�.ns inta Paisley which i.s presently a laqging and forestry center in the county. Despit� some hearsay t�stimAny that the river had been so used, Paul Brattain who has 1iv�d in Paisley for 80 yea�s affirmed that the rzver had nev�r sustain- ed log drives. C. F. Ber.efi.el's sawmi].1 on �he Chewaucan above Paisley got its lags from the imme diate vicinity ancl ne�er had sufficient ou�put to warrant a dza.ve on the river.� The Chewaucan sustai.ns a smal� amount of recreational raft flotatian by local persons during the spring runo�f dur.ing some years. The starting point iQ4 is Daa.zy Creek same 26 miles above Paisley and the run ends at Paisley. 5 �� r�� co«nr��' smr��s Fige 29a. Drew Creek beloca Res e ru*vi �`. May I 6 , �.9 84 . � , ; 1 , �' . ,��,; ;+ �� �; ' � � '� � � � �,�� ` r � .,�i�,� r �� r � �� �� � �`'� a �r�� " �� i. ���� �,�+ y' + M1 . � 3{ g , .'� M k �`.,*. �•. Y j , � � � � 1 �# � V .. ;�. ,, :.� .�',� � . .�� - � � . -�r.�.-n�°a" ~�, ,q�.,�� _. ,: @� �. . , _ ' �� �,-�, � - � ,�.-- .'".s` ,�,�" . ' w '" _ �� a . . -:. � -�� � .W. .. _ � _ � ,. n , F - . � . � �.��.�'� „,_ �""e..., � � '� � +� .� ��,��, �,, .., � I , ' 1 ,; a^ r�r ��� �� , M F;�,:�� { n � �+Kt F. {4� �} T � 1 .r� i �� 3 �+F. - `� e $"{ �� �. �� , � �� � ,. � " � �+� � � ¢��� $ � � � �� ,'ti � _ ,� � r�- � � "" � Y ' � ` 7C �, _ : , , ��.- . �� r. � .. ;;, . "�, ''�' � '� ' .�� 'S�,, '` _ - r � � ���� �. M , �4 ���9� `" . ���::;. �.,. . - �..�a - . •. , w . � � �� _ � �...�� . �„...� �,,y. � r ` r � ��a+►:k�` {'� •T'r•_ +� � - � �� ' � .wt , ��;, k ny ,� a�;�� � ,�p°��4, J e '�� �,: ��� ��n � �� u�t.�' 1 ,��" � � � ,��,"� 4 n A �' 4 `N � � �.. �� ,�, I�� �. Y� � � � y '" G �y���',�� ��* .� y a [ .. Y . � ��� 4 4 ��; \ J`c� ��� � . .. 9 . � . � ,� .t� � r�t�' ��� :�. .� �: � � '` &��;� •�' ,���. .� � � . "��� ,.,� , �� . � � , ��„ } ��:� �. , .�� ., ��» .��,, Fig. 29}�. Chewaucan Ri,ver, I� �4.9. I'�ay �+6 , 1980 , ��sa ..' � � � *� . : � ^ � �'ii�f r� .. t � �.: ����,��" . �zg. 29c. ChewTaucan Ri�er � "�,�� �,� � ��. � �°..' � ra�y i�, i�aa. �� � � �� � �,� � w� ,�� � � � � � .� "�, � r.0 M Y�'� y��p:�l � x�' � .. � � � � p � , t '" e .� M s , �.�'.d, . r.r�"i�'�7iw ,»�.. °����- " 4 �� . i � . '�'` ,i;h . ` � �� 0 _. F'�st t`�ntral �rerrc�r� rii�r�rs - Poatnc�t�s o � . {, � , ?,e��s ?' . •�cAr�?��tr, �?�e qo� �=e�ez n� �th erl. E� artlan_, . reaon _.w_.__.� ____.___ F'ist�r�cal �c�ciety, 19i4} r ��. ?1�'-li, '�92-a3, ��fi, 5F3-ti4, 5�38. 2 �n�+��on] ��ate ' �esr���r�es Foard, �'c�wder *'i�rer. R�sin, (��lem, 1967, � .. �r,ia. o �. �. .�`. �'. �> �ec��.c��rcal �urvey, r°�t�� P��o=.zrc�� n�ta for �?reaon, 197�, t�?ater-17a�a __ _ _ _._ _ ___:�._____. . �R-78-1 {€�or�l.f°�nc�, �.�79�} o �;. �� < �. Y�>�c<. , np. R�-8�; Pot,=c�er �'i�*�r T�a:�in, p�e 38-3°, 4�?. �' . n. � ?0. 11. l<< � 7 �. ti a :.�. i F� . 17. 18. 1 `? . ��a �I. . �> . Xr;ic�„, r�e °`s�., t�'a�er ??esources �7ata f�r ��ec?an, 19"if�, r. 9'7a Prs�der ?�.i�r�r Bas�n, n�a l�?-3I. ? 4 (�F� 3I� ��nd �? ��?��� �E�S�� °�Y�r R�ker !`csunty �'� �e�:�.�e , � �}��' ��f�2t T��ris��'i:�t nf ^"est�man�y, Fi aines v. F^'@�.C:i`l , c7PJ. �� (}p"�CS,Ql'I' �tFi�E? �.Y'Cf1�'4f S r ct1�E.'T'1. T�ii.d. ,�T`. 40-4�., 50-5�. � 55 f�7. I:�id. b r�r �l, 5�-5�. �Cz� iG p, t�p a ?_'%y'' • F C��'= T��� I.C7 « ; t`%Y� o 7}�i.<:. e Flt�o C `M ,.J..g.. . 5�-��. GC}_ . .. �: 45-4%. ��': i r? , r T� « `�+7 ; Tl�z�. p r�. 58a 14 nR 322-3�4> nffir7avi� c�f '�h�sr±as T'. t'.aI � , � "�a�y 1_r�87 �.n �°ransr�i�t �sf F?aines '�r. �?a11, ;,. :x3, �^,r��?on ='�a�e �rr.hives. �~ ?;e.�. � � ??„ �'CC � �S, Bc3};E'?" �'btlri��' C`]_Z �tYl�. C`C�t1Y� Cc35?S r RUX 'i 8 a F?�}!E,'Y° (`C}1121�..� r'C�UP"��7<JU.SC� �� R�1rpY° < ?'ranscri^r r�f '��st3�m�rny, xr�,ines va�t'a�l, �o �. ��al i �r . ?'cc1.�s e � � 2.3. ".'r�r,Ccript of inestimony, F?air.es �. t?a21, np. 32, 2�2, 22.7; see Leonard �7e ??rrinr�ror., r�avi:� F'ccles (Lnqan� t?��h ct�ate t?ni.�g. , I°75) , n. 215. 2L . "_'ran�crip� c�f T�stimony � jraines v o__?'al l, �. �. .}�• �ti''�'�m r ?7T%. �.4, QF �'�. �bi��., nr Y'1-4"i; np• pff t�men�e:� �"r�r���_a?nt) ; np. 54-5� t�?er_ree� , ?7. Ybi.;�., pt�. ?.3, I5R-��?. . :'.;�. T , t7(':. 4�� �.l..�. . . ._.._..___ �3 �tl , �:r� l C? . r '? > � "7 . �t'!. 1 ; C;r? �.�7, 1?1-175. �� . " r>f �^r�stimor,y, HainPS v t-'�11_, r�p. 21�-1.7. '2. xbi�., p�. 1��, 143, 1.4�, 1F�. Rr��for.d ��uns�ker h�d a l�nc� claim c�n this ?nrt nf tl�e '"orth n+��4��er �?�st a�t�t�e itc cc�nfl�.lence taith J�.nthc�ny C��ek, • '?i<.ri��cxn c�f �tate �:�ands �la� �oak �11. � 33. 3.�£?;� r�ns:�s, �c:h�c�ul.n 3, r t�awr+ill.s} . nriainal '��tu�-ns Ra�-er �"r�r�nty, '?nrth roc�rde� Precinct, �?r�c?c,n= �tate T,ib��ry ��!icrc�filr �if?—d.� i hrennn ct3�E T 1�"?2"siYV r �dZP1T! ; �e].ez�hone ll't�.E'YV� �?t7 t4l.tf; x �Y� .�Qc°�'tE?S e tiTOY��'1 Pb4TC�P_Y' � 75 ntz� i�3f30. 3�l. I�at,e� t°�t�n�y �'�v��.l�e, 2� nar lf;£?2. �`�, r�',ak�7. ��'eekly> FP�rc�c'� �em�cr�t, L3 'aay i�R�3; r�rles �r�as stili a nartne�, _.�._______v__.___ _____---_,.__ r 1'cc�es, r. 21�„ ��.. ?��� "er.sus, rchedu�� 3, "�awmil.l�,' Raker Cotlnty, cumpter. 1'�er_�ncta s"7. ?ak�r �'o�xnty Camm�ssi_c�ners 7o�tr�nal �°' �./�, pp> 56-57 transcribe�' in E�P7�, ;ii.�tar_ical ??ecr�rds �urve�r, Bak�r �°c�ttnty, �'Qlde� t?� ?�. �Tniversity c�f C'rec�on '.:It';�'!'�* o �''tiQP_ttf? . ��. 7saar. �iia�h, "_'hirtv-ane Ye�rs in Pa}:er !'c�tznty ('?aker. : Bo��er �'r Small, 1893) , _�._____� �.__ ______�______.___.___________�__ ;?pn E7-f��F ?.rrin�tc�n, ?'ccles, p�. F7-�9 ?17-2�, 22f?-3(7. �9. ^:'e1�a�hcsne ?ntervi.ew *.aYth Floyd �`arx�ertc�r, Baker, R*�ay 1980 and eai�h Broaks t?3W�F3•.r� "xC�We:l g°"c3V 1��t7: �I?C� S�2 ?'"r'31�C3YV H. Ferrel, �d115 Sr3RE.'��US�1 �nd T'�ne (�an *. C�1. :�'�olden t^'es� ??ooks. 19h7) � e.rr�. F?�. 13, 2?, �� ��.—� ! a �"!-?. s��ker �P�F.znt�y Co*nmissieners ?our.nal �`, :�. n��, �aker. raun�y Couxtho�lse, Baker. �?? . r�he '"im� �,:12 (nc�. l°n5} , n. 't2�'; � -1 (^�ov 1905) , �. 24. �'!2. ^-'r.s. �tanle•✓ Braaks. �'i_chlan�, n� �c� ��arnes F. Farnel�, 2'� .7unA l'38f7. ^3. t;Y�r:�i�: c>� "d��ria�bilit_v �tur:y, nn. ?_?"�, r4� inr�;r3�;n� ='tate t�'atrr ?'esru� ??c�ar�i '•at� * Y2.b (��i��) �nd *"alheur Lake F?.�s�_n (2�f:7) , r��;. 1.-5. r, � t..F�t.,�� T} ��r �1:A�C3ri y .i.� ! R r ri: ,J� . -;� o r�c`��.:�t't1Y S,c�}'f' �'c1S�t1, r�TJ. L�-2�. �'� . F3t:Y'YlS `'ctrs� �?�'P.qOPIl%�,^, f?E'Yr3 �,� , ?_� ''c"iY 1£i�,F3. ; t ��. In��r±�a�ian �r.e�m r t��'elc�me, B�irns� 14 r�ay 19R0. '!�}. Btlrns ?"asY_ nreac�nian Heralr,, 3?�nr, ��, l.l, ?S June 3.89n. _,!'�. ��� r'c Cireuit �°caurt !'ase x]c�. 'S'�, Narn�V �`rianty Cc�ttrth�use, Rurnsp r;l. ���i:�ns �'ast !�r.ennni�n ?'er�l_c?, °i �aar �� 3I. "'�y 1f��33, F *�ay 1s3�F.. , �i?. �?�rn�}T C`ounty nRechar;i.cs �`:iens r, p, �.�, i??,-ney �`at�nty �`c�ur_tho��e. : z Tbi�:"s. , t-�. 7`�. �"ai:ney' - lands �_ike ��:enaPr's �,j�re in the ??r�mir?rant rreek ��, � ��t ca�tc�oth �^reek acc�rdinc� tc� � T.^1e3come. �r;� , r�r ltzmhi;.� Ri.=re� ancl nr. �eron '?'ir�herr�ar. , ? : ?_ {,)eu 19t��} , p. 7 . `;S. '".e:~i.ir, �rarh��ell� �-?r3ort or olr� sa�,*�ni11s ir th� ���rns 7sr�a, r�. 29 �che�co .,. :;�E.t.i.0;?cii rOYf'�t �f T'T?_?'?�S. ��,. 't''�.r-� al�;otre �?escric�tic�n is ': c�n rrre�onl �ta�� t�i�t�er �'esources Board !�ap �„. r, t�n w�ic?7 �iver ""iles �iven in the texY �re base� �nd ,7ahn n�y River T7 C��'Y.al �C?r 6E"i. i.�i.1�D; �T7 1—"�. ,._�. _.» � resc�urces �at� fo r �req�n, 197s?, pp. 13�-41, 143-45, 2�7. i`=. ,7t;}?:1 !'�c4}P f?IV'E?Y T'dSlYl� ��1'?. �Z `�,"3. Tl�i,; 3 r>p. ?-I.7. ��n. �;?'�1't7i. (`r?S1T?t:�y " T,1E'Plr � F�. :�ti!7 C�Y3?1� r'�llYit}' C`OUZ't�10L15G CcsTlVCYt1 '�:1t`y. rf,1 , ;i��> ;nar>er clipp.incr (unspeciFi+-�c?) i r. F�err�an .� �'I i�arc�th �l.i�ver F'istorical � ."iP�;E'l:F!' !-'�ri�t?T1 rl.ttd, �,_.. r''.IY)I1r- :`i�YtllCt� !�C3Pnfil.SS3C3t1 ?'1�(' 7, :°"¢<!tp i x'G771t?P_S� �c'�IE'P.l. �,"�. *e�� "°'9�c�:��sc�r�, ��?itcar c�g '*'he ^all�-•s nr��::�.i.rt in Portlar�d �?r�c? ,7 ourra3_, .�?t'��E? �{?��? $`PTtY'1P)�P? nt,r C-.����1�Tit Er, o '-'dSCO r`Ot1TttY I?2StiOr']_3T2 I1' `�'�}2 r;��.1e� nL�timis I�� nuc� 1QC;°. See alsa John Garren, Or�gon River Taurs tportland. B3.nfard & Mort� 1974), pp. 55-59. 1 6�, Lf� �, I�ept. of Interior, Bureau cf Outdoor F,ecreation, [@W Regional Office, Prel.imirary Dra�t ��Fohn Day Wild & Scenie River Study Re ort (1977), �p. 4C--43.. For an account o�' an eaz�y (1939? �rift c�own the John Day fxam Clarno to �he Coiumbia see George H. Godfrey, "Challenge on the Jahn Day," Creq�nian Nor� N�.gazine Sectian, 3 P_ugust 1.975, p�. 5-7. The trip not.e ci in Ben d BuI le ti n , 17 N'.ay 1�} 39 . 6S. E�sed on [Cregonl State ��later Resaurces Baard Map 5.6 ar�d Deschutes River Basin (Sa1em, 1961) , �p. 1--3. � 66, water Fesaurc�s Data for aregon, 1978, pp �54, 1.61, 2E4, 168-69, 172, 175, 18�, 18�, 1.9�. ! G7, ��nc:� Deschu�es Er.hn 4 Oc� I90�.; E?er�d Bu�letin, � l�ec I90°. 68. Deschutes F �.aver Aasin, pP. 1?--2�, ?3_gq, 69. I3�i.cT , p. 76. 70, Ibid PF• 5C, �9, IC'2. 71. L�un IIo�lir.sheac', "Dri�.rinc� Lumber powr� the Descl on Fvafts," Cascades East (Summar, 15+79)� ��hotagraph p. 15. � 12 te�ct:t:tes Ri�-ei �:a �in, pP. 5-14. 7?. Joutnals of Ca�t. Natt�an3..el �. �� (Fairfiel.ry, Wavh. , Ye Gallian Press, 1968) , PP• ��, 87-9Q. i4. H. P. L�nc�ille, et al, Foxest Conditions i.n the CuSCade Rar�ge Forest Reserve {WaShiri9t�n D.C. � GPC'� 19C?�) r p�'. lf�-69� 176-77� 184�-85� 19I-°�2 198-200� 2n�-{36, 210-J.1; Bend Desc}:utes Echo, 2, 9 r4ay� 1903; DeschLtes Pioneer Gazette, 1:�; Bend Bulletin 1C June 1905, 29 ,7u]y 1908, 30 �?un.e 1909 L�e�n Hollins3�ead's father logged far the °er.� �'omL ar.l� ar_c? legG were hauled bv hoxs� team a few �i]_es tc, the �11, �ean. �o�.].ir.shead, Bend interview �C Oct 1980. i5, Ca��tiar�s to �hotograpY:�.s of Clyde N. McKay, a leading lumberman of tlze �:eri.od, L�eschuies Cotm�y Mus�ur�, Ber.d; The �imberman ].2:12 (Oct I913.). �. 29, 13:10 (Aug �912.} , p. SOA; 17:2 {L7ec 1915) , p. 42, Bend Bulletir,., 7 Aug 1912. 7b. Deschutes C:ounty Cammi�sioners Journ�r�. I, pp. 148-49, Deschut�s Cot:�nty C;ourthause, Bend. 77. Deschutes County thecY�,anic.s Liens, I, p. 94, Deschu�e� Got�nty C:OU��20ll52} ��.._.,_ _.�__ �� ,� t€C�'1'1111SIlCc_t[i. ULI.vi.ri�i Lt11[i3.]CLt ��. z 78. Tbic3. , pp l�l-I5; Deschutes County riechanics Liens, I, p. ].81. 79, f?al l� nsheac'� inte�vzew . �0_ I7esc�iutes County 2�lechanics L,iens, I, pp. 260, 26� anc� see pp. 27L-85. 81. `Phe Ti,�erm (May I939), Pp. 43-44; Bend Bulletin, 1 May 1939, p. �. B2. �bid 4, 13, 31 May, 2i, 29, 30 Jur�e, 5, i8 July 1939. Additiona� photographs of the drive taken hy Paul xosmer are in the issue of 19 May 1939, p. 1. 83, Harry Hei.sing in Je�'ferson Coun�y Reinin iscences (Portland: �inford & Maxt, 1:'S71, p• 223. --- �� 84. Ibid. p. 203; The Timberman 6:8 (Jurie 1905), p. 25. 85. Craok County Mechanics Li�ns 1, p�. 128--35; Jefferson Count�miniscences. p. 204 , 86. Ibid , p. 203. 87. Inforn�ation fro�n Sh�rri Kaseberg, Wasc�, 27 Dct. 1980. �8. For �ome unexplaaned reason the apglicatior of River Logging and Lumber Co. is in F'ile L-F�20 "Oswego I,oq & Boam Co." of �he P�b�ic Service C:ommission. Westexi� Pine's application, etc. �s in its own fal� ITF-31, State Archives, Salem. 89. Ibid. 90. Advisoxy Cammi.ttee to the :�tate Tland �oard, SPCand Biennial Report (1972) , PP- 1.13, J.21. 91. GeQrge H. Goc?frey, "Trailblazers on the Deschu�es," Ore og niar�, Northwest Magazine Sectiori, 13 July I97�, pp. 8-1Q; ,3ames M. Qu3.nn, at al, Handbnok to the Deschu�es River Ca nyon fMedford, I9791. 92. Draft Report of Deschutes River Scen�.c [n1��.erway Advisozy Task Force, 24 Nov 1980, p. 23; and information from Brian Cunningham, Bureau o£ Land blanagem�nt � 5 I7e c. �9 SO and M.ike McLucas , 2 3 Apri 1 Ia 81. a3. Informatian from Sun P.=v�r I�odc�e Marina and Brindle I'l.y Shop, LaPine, 2� Aprii 1981. 94. �Gregan] State Wzt�r Rescurces Board, Ma}.h�ur- hee Basins {Sa�em, 1°69), FF• 1 "k. �'��-� �d Ma� I�o. 11.6 fram which River Mi].es were �aken. �35, fi�zei R. Fretwell, "'�he C7wyhee Crossing," Owyhee Dutpost, No. 4{Apr J.973) , PP• 37-�?. 9E. �arren, Oregon F.iver Tours, pp. h8-80. gy, ,', �. PE�t. af the Znterior, Herztage Conservation and Recreatian Servir.e, Northwes�. Regianal C�tice, hee Wilc3 and Scenie Ri.ver Stud� Draft (i978) , PP• 30-3�,. 98. �nformation from Maiheur National Forest Office, Frairie City. 99, C;earqe Grimlaw, Harney County {Portland: Binford &� Mort, 195I), p. 68. 100. Jacob Ray Gregg, Pioneer Days in Malheur Count (Los Ange�es, 1950}, p. 335; refer�nce courtesy of Mrs. Alice G, N�urphy, Homedale, Idaho, and see above pp. 31-37, 1Q]., �nformation from Bill Hosford, Sta�e Fish Biologist, Hines, 26 Feb i981. i02. Division o� State Lands "Dog Lake File". 103. Interview with Pau7. Brattain, Paisley, 16 Niay 198Q. 104. Information from Ken Daily, Fish Biologist for Depaxtment of Fish and Wiidlife, La}review, April 15, 1981.