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Luckiamute River Farnell�L'CKIAMUTE RiVER �aAVI GAB I LI TY STIJDY Stephen A. �tose� Engineer Section S�xpervisor QiVISIOi� Ofi S�,'ATE LANDS June, 1977 Revised with addi�iqns lav James �. FarnelZ, Ph.D. research P-nalvst 2 January, 1981 INTRODUCTION Under t�e Egual Footing cZause of the bregon Ac�nissions Rct, the Unit�d States Government transferrecl ownership of the beds of all navf.qahle waterways to the State of Oregon in 1B59. At the time of this report, the full extent of Oregan's ownership is unknown. The present development trends alonq our waterways made it apparent that the iocation of the 5tate/private bounda.ries was of extreme importance. The 1973 Legislature recognized this and passed ORS �74.029-034. This law directs the Division of State Lands to make a study of aZI Oreqon's waterways and ta make public their findings. fihis report is the Divisian's study of the Luckiamute Ra.ver. I th�nk Z wouZd be very safe in cammenting that the Luckiamute River, �ahich '�ears an Ir�dian tribal name, is not one of Oreqpn's better known rivers. S�Then you mentian the na�e Luckiamute to most people, quite likely their response tivill �e a bJ�ank stare. In spite of its sma21. size and lack of notarietp, it was, durina Oregon's early industria� eza, a very important ri.ver for the trans�ortation o£ Zogs from the Luckiamute Basin to the various mil�s a}.ong the 4ail�.amPtte River. Since the Luckiamute River is sma3.1 and unknown, very 7�ittle written mat2rial could be faur�d on its history. Portanately, however, thre� men were Iocatac� who participated in the actua� log �rives on the Luckiamute as well as a man who I.ogged timber in the Luckiamute Sasin. 'I'hese men were of consi�3erable hel�a in confirminq �ates and actuai happeninqs: Arch�e Kimsey, Pete Frantz, Lawrence Davis, and "Red" Snyder, the early logger. T'ee and !�ow Simpson also q�nerously provided rahotagraphs of their father and uncl�es' Ioqqinq operatzons. Thanks are �ue to the following institutions: Polk County Court�ouse CTniversitiy of Oregon Library Po1k Ccunty Museum Commission State Library �iarion County Historical Society State Arck�ives Oregon �istarical Society Oregon �ept. a� Fish & wildlife Lane County "�useum �regon Dept. of 'h'ater Resaurces Douqlas Counfiy c7reqon Dent. of Forestry U.5 Corps of Etigineers, Portland Above a11, LeXand Prath�r, whose family had a Donation Land Claim at the mouth o£ the Luckiamute and aver a span of ges�eratians drove the Luckiamute and boomed and rafted iogs an the �7i1].amette, spent many hours providing infor- mation and criving ass�stance. Two days after �he Zast visit by a member of our staff, Leland dfect. This report is in many ways a memorial to him and his career as an Oregon �og driver. THE' LUCK7AMUTE RIVER BASIN The Luckiamute River Basin is 5ituated withia the Coast P,ange Subbas�n of the Lawer willamette River Basin (Fig. 1). ':he Luciciamut� P.iver arains a heart- shaped area totaling approximately 309 square miles. The "pa�nt" of this heart-shaped basin is direc�ed easteriy and abaut 70 percent of this area lies in Polk County with the rernaining 30 percent located in �enton County.�' Originating in the t�ountainous areas on the eastern slopes of the Coast Range, the Luckiaa�ute meanr�ers f�r approximately 58 miies over a tortuous caurse €rom the paint where it leaves the Caast Ranqe to fts mouth (Fig. 3-6}, Here it enters the F�'illamette Rivar from the west (left) side, at River Mile 107.4. Elevations in the Luckiamute River Bas�.n range £roin 160 feet mean sea �evel at its mouth--approximately 23 miles south af Saiem--to 3,246 feet at �!onmouth Peak. Of ti�e Luckiamute's apgroximatel.y 58-mile length, 5 miles flaws through the high, mountainous areas with an average qradient of 340 £eet per mile, 9 mz�es through foothill country with aradients of 5E feet per mile, and the remaining 44 miles traverses a very flat alluvfal val�.ey fZoor where the river i.s very 3 sinuous and lined wit31 heavy brush and tree cover (E�ig. 2). Flows for the Luckiamute River are actually quite surprising for its size. Average flaws above the mouth are 923 cubic feet per eecand (cfs) with an extr�me high of 32,900 cfs and an extreme law of 0.65 cfsy above �?oskins (P.M 43.2} average discharge is 209 cfs with a high of S,S50 cfs and �av af 4 cfs. High flow period� general�y accur araunc� December t'r►rougn �`ebrusry and Iaw flow periods come during August through September/4ctaber. �a�parable rivers would he the Puddinq and the Calapooia. 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The �asin's industry is centerec3 around the Ioggfng and Iumber industry. In the valley areas, agri- culture fsmalZ grains, clovers, hay, �int, berries, orchard crops, and dairy products) zs the prima�y indnstry with shesp an8 bee� cattle also important contsil��tors.� U.S. 99W runs north and south across the �ower section of the Luckiamute Basfn and is the basin's principa� highway. State Highway 223 lies about 10 miles to the west and paralleis 99W. There are also numerous secan�ary roads serving the area FiV8 paved bri�ges and �wo railraad bridges crnss the Luck- iamute in the lower reach. A Sauthern Pacific Company hranch l�ne crosses the lower part of the river as we1Z as a short branch �ine frot� �allas to Falls City. Also, the historic Valley astd 5iietz Raflroaa foll.ows the Luckiamute River from approximately RM I3 to its headwaters. �� �,,_��.. -r. � `fi � � ,�;� •�� q. . '� �: „f y � � �' - �"� �4' �� ' "� `�` H �{�, y 5�F"�' " R "' ° T � ��"' � `�� `3 ' '" - �'���?�C ' . 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' �G �� � y �� -P_ i '" �y'�i .- . x'��:1. �'�" y T ' y i �! ° �1. 4 �� Z ]y • �h� { � �-rL _T: � ¢ 1�•�%� � f' ��� 'l� .J��f "� ' �.�,1�.• . µ x _ ' .. . ...�.. . . LdG DRIVES LITTLE LUCKIP,Pii3TE Some of the earliest notices o£ driving the Luckiamute refer td the smaller northern branch of the river. Ttte 1880 Census of *�anufactures reports that four sawmills in the Monmo�th and Bridgepart precincts received their logs on t1�e Lvckiamute River, which in that area would be the LfttZe Luckiamute: Birch, Hedges & Co.; x4cIntosh & Bennett; Hoover & Fitch; Galieway & Wanfeld.� Logs probal�iy were driven shart distances to these sawsniZls as the Little Luckiamute was no� a good c3riving stream. On�y in 19I6 taas there another notice of a driv� on the northern branch of the river. Simpson Bros. were loaqinq at BZack Rock {� 16.2) and planned to drive six million feet of logs £rom there to Salem with the fall rains. Leland Prather doubts if the drive was ever accomplishec� and believes he was the anly oerson to make a large scale c�rive on the stream. 'T_'his was zn the season of ].933-34 with small �ocis far �reqon Pulp and oaper Company, the only type logs whici� could be floated on that river withaut sp3.ash dams. He began the drive �rom the present hiqhway 223 bridge beJ.aw Bridgenart (R24 7.5; Fig. 7a) . I ran the drive out of the Litt�e Luckiamt�*e. 'i'he onZy one that ever was. was a fella by the name of r�iiller. �ie'd bouqht some white fir and maple up that Little Luckiamute, and they fell that maple. That white fir was oretty rouqh, lots o£ lfmbs on it. He took peevees out so them auys covld turn them laqs to peel them. ThEre wasn't enough men in Oregon [to do it}, The limhs broke off and drove into that ground. The effort af the Fa3.ls City & i,uckiame�te Development Company of Falis City to �ease t::e Littl� L;zck�amat� from ralls Ci�r �o its source and all i�s �0 txibutaries anc3 a11, ot the Luckiamute in Polk County was probabiy fraudulent. As the resultina litigation indicated their real purpose was not to drive the smal.ler stream, which their apQlication emohasized, but rat3�er to levy tall on the Spauldina ogerations on the Big Ltickiamute, the real�y valuab3.e driving 1Q .`_ �� y � y � y i � F�'.i,�,�':�"� E' ; ?� i ry �' a � � s ' `yr j } $ � 7 � � �/ ���� �it.�" t r 1 �} � _ � � ��. _ � - 4 ��. i ri .r `�l , Ff � . � � � �� s �'_.S . �'i . il�+� � � �7r��� �.� �, ��. ��j �� . ���. ..� �,� �' � '� rys.�(� '� y r - t a �t �.� L / ��:�d � � '��, 1� ��� . � �j 1{ �^'. '. ' 3 /s � ,-f'�4� a+'�«��yy, .I �,� . 4 � 7 } \. �� �/ y ''�� �y�4'�.g ��� �� : �����Y�� � S � �;�'' � S��- :� �- �� ! �� �. F � �} . �.' � � � �{ � � � �-� s� 3 � � 1 � `'� �`'3+.�� ��� �,tif� T � ��y' �� - 3 �� -, '� '• . .�'� '' ff - � '�. �� � r ' ��?�+" C'� � �;" � � � . . . � � . Y' �� � �' � e - �. s f� -L� � - �! k ' � ~' �s.,� � �, k -- y _ ,�� .. �� -.� j � ��-r, . �, .Y t . . � 1 � . . /-". _ _ . r ! '' + . , . . . _ ,-.�� �.-:-:, -- r � ' . . - - ' _ . . � : � : �� � ----t �'-" '� � �, . _ ��� F �ti ����� ����''�.� _ — ' .� �:.':�.,;;�,�- � " '� +rsi?�`F�.�;�3 .�:� +� - *rr�:.�. -�-=-:ti a� _��;t:'-a:.. s� ix'�,.-��'�',""r +�ra� ' � _ �_ _ -=�" -�: � �- ' =.�-� -�`" -- -;,,,�,-� -- �, .�-...._ �'�� � ..�� � � ! R� ,��t .. � � lil .. �, ,� . � � s!' � ' 'f +�' x �� � '' �' 6 l s,.' A + � ,� e� .Y� � r y � _ � �` � � � ��" �.� «, e � � � �` e£ j -s . '. � � �Y t. � � �� ��� ��� � • - � t . r t .� x « .i r � � � �� �r r ��- �5�'� . ' f J t� f .. ; � � yr '�' : �.. °+�- ri> " ; j � . �? . - � 3 �,. � _ a �� � •` � � � �� Z.� � �.��� � + 6 y�� � �- � ! ~� iet o-4 �! [' � ! � F \ .�� _'� } [ l �� � �-�' i �.� ' f °` t � '�� � f 5 j ���e�y� � .. . . ` � .�..q� ! !� � . e , �.: � �`�+ �4 r � � .. �� . i � � if , � � '+ • ^�y''� _ � ' � S •� . � . , � 4 . � -��• � �`� �� 3_7f, , . . � . . . , . -1 . . � .. - - . � — I -� . , ' ' I - ' /' � .. . .. . . . . . � - . _ .Ci • � � � ' � � . ` � ��� , .. ^ � z '��� ' ' �� . � , � R�+1 � _ ' y +�..�Y� . � yr� _ F�rti _ � - M!: _ " � _ _ - _ _ ' � . ' ' . . - , _ . _ i = . • ` - t . . . - � � •. . - �' �, _ ' Y-. �8��� i � B ��::�;��.� � ,f� r : � y ,r ' 4 t � �� .. � ��.�� y; P ��' � ^ ��y d ;�F,� f" �_"'� �i}�f . - �{� ►° k s.a � ��� �, � •;� � � � �., C . � �° 7° �, � '. A � i a ��� � y ���y�. . ` _ ,�. �'-_: +.. t , h; � .�' � �� .� �, yr�� � ni...r�_� �� � � ��� � � . -- � .. . . � � { . � stzeam in Polk County.l� tiTane of the mills u�h�ch developed at Falis City after zts faunding in 2891 received their Ioqs on the 7,ittle Luckiamute but rather by flume, haulinq or latar by raii. EIG LUCKIAM[1TE Sefore 1900 That the Luckiamute was ane of the r?ost important log drivinq streams in Oreaon is due to two facts. One is that it flawed through and znt�o the most important area of earZy settlement in �?reaan; second, it 'tapped one of the r�.chest timbez stands in the state�' (Fig. 14}; "The Luckiamute had biqger timber than mos� places. The Big Luckiamute was, you know, na�ed for rain c4untry--heavy rainfall.." Early use of the riv�r is attributadale to the �irst of these reasons. Kings Valley was an important agricu�tural settlement auxiliary to the Iarger area of the �9iliamette Valley. Before 1853, Henry VanPeer built a sawmiil apposite the village of Hoskins (RM. 38.6) which supplied lumber for that valley. VanPeer gained his ioqs by fiatation dawn the Luckiamute (Fiq. 7b). i�fter 1866 the Frantzes had a sawmiZ3� near the same pZace, and the 1880 census report- ed that the Frantz anc� Co�hmor sawmill qot its Iocrs tram the Luckia�ute.�'� Later in the decade of 1$$�'s the Simpson brothers and Prescott F�z•Ianess (Veness) began to drive the Luciciamute. Mrs. rvadna Prather was able ta date i� one of t?�e ear�y drives of the latter nartnership: They beaan diiving loqs in the J.8$Os. �•?y qrandad (�3. F. Smitr} owned a store at Lewisvi�le (now �taple Grov=r Fiq. 4). The first Iocr drivers on the Luckiamc�te Fiver was Prescott and Veness. They were drivinq loqs and whiie they were alonc the river they �ought stuff from his store. One of the thinas t�ey bouqht was a pair of shoes.for a dollar and sixty cents, shown here in the store records o£ "tovember 20, 18A6. A s�cond notice came from the polk County �bsPrver ?+ dozen men were cuttin� 3oc�s below �i.ver "�!iZe 25 and floatinq them ta Salem. The Independence i�*est Side reported at the end af Janua�� �.89� that A. ?. Vaness anc his crew of loggers had aone ��p the ziver an�' that t!�e rains woulc? ?�elp hi� get his logs to �arkeC. ,A year later Prescott s��aness w�re usinc� a 12 scow in connection with their Zoagfnq operation at the �outh of �he Biq Luckiamute and by �arch 20, 1891 had concluded Cheir laaaing for the season. Dur�nv these years the �dest Side reported that logs were heing taken out frvm Tetherow`s and at Nen�ich Rridge. Salomon Tetherow's nonation Land Claim was just north of the forks of the Luckiamute and Henry Helmick's was down- river from there (i�M �5-18; fiig. 5) . Further drives by Prescott & Veness during the first half of the Z890's were reported in the lacal newspapers: "Buena Vista° Prescot & Veness have 8 miilion feet of logs in boorn at Davengort bridqe in the Luekiamute. 15 January Z892 A number of Preseott & Veness' Ioqs are scattered over the farms along the Luckiamute where they floated out with the overflav. Henry Simpson of Airlie informs us that Prescott & Veness have the largest baom of logs at the mouth of the Luckiamute ever there, and of the finest quality. The loqs out on the farms wiZl be saved. 8 December 1893 "Luckiamute" Prescott & Veness w�1i s�art their logging engine dawn the Luckiamute next week to haul aut stray logs. 12 JanuaXy I$94 "Buena Vista" M. W. Prather who has the contract �f runninq los�s, for Prescott & Veness, ran the first raf� �'uesday. 7 l�ecember 1894 "Parker" [Fiq. 6J 3ack Veness' Iagqinq mer� are cutting green timber opposite tnwn and. dum�ing it directZy into the river, 21 �!arch Z895 ' �Teness & Co. are takinq advantaae of the high waters in getting down the �.oc�s they hauled in wzth the donkey �ngine. 29 March 1895 "Luc3ciamute" 70,OOQ feet af Zoqs of J. A. veness & Co. �aent down the Luckiamute last week. 12 April I895 13 "Parker" Jack Veness' jolly band of 'sticky feeted laq ounchers', are makina the river botto� merry with their sonqs as they waft the 'boom' materiaZ to 'the cominq city.' 26 December 1895 The cimpson brothers, Phy, Dave and �aine, begari loqginq near Che mouth of Pedee Creek (R2� 30.3} in the Iate I880's (Fic. 3?. Logs wer� cut on the hill- side and siid or dragged into �he creek. `Shen they were movea on winter floods to booms �ower on the river or in the Willamette (Fiq. 35). The loqginq seasan ended when the waters Iawered in 3ate spring. Besides the Pedee, 5impson brothers also logqec3 and drove an Fdwards and Ritner Creeks {�'iqs. 8-13). The latter stream requfre8 the assistance of sp�ash dams every few hundred yards fn orde� to move out the large tir� ers faund in that watershed. Probably refexring to the activities o� one or the other of tizese operators, Peci£ic Coast waod & Iron reported in ,,'�anuary 1990 that two rafts cantafninq 100,ODd feet of iogs had been braught to Saiem fram the Luc3ciamute. A year iater they reported several mi�lion feet of pulp iogs were banked on the Luckiamute {pxobably the lower river) awaitinq hiqh water. �'�e Iocal press and the Timberman also described ather drives on the Luckiamute in tt�e 189fl's and first year af the new century without ascr5.bing them to one or the other af these twcs operators. "Parkers" '^he LvckiamUte river is fflle�3 wi.th sawlogs from the r�ountains . 13 January 1893 "Parker" Tke Luckzamute is bankful, a favorable staqe for loq driving, but it may nat be so favorable in the headwaters. �7 February 1893 "Parker" A crew of loggers came down the Luckiar+ute Iast week frocrt the lonesome Coast Fanae. They finish�d thei.r c3rive belaw Farker a short distance. 24 February Z893 14 ► �`t' ) N -c`'� _ '��Fr�� r � .� r� t . - .- , r � a " . ' � l. ?d� - � J „s � .� . .- . y . � ti ,� + � � � ; '_ x �.; `r� _ r t ; 5 JdR`� �ii �. ��_,_.: ,_ .. , , l r �;n . �� �� 1 !� • •.,� �� �. . . � .. + '�tl � Y � , - • "� .� . � .� -�'a—?� "`r"=°' _ � �+ °-� � ' ,:� - .:. w � : - � �R �� r ♦Y�'• � ��,...��"'� . �r�i� .� , r,i'j/.� ,� �,� y� � .,�.-.� �� ri � �.�� ��y, � � . : �r �y �,�.trp q.►--.. "rr- �,� Y. �, .:k � .'w s. � . ` -_ `�-, � - x , 2 �� �:: � .. . `� .A I /� � F r - . ' �✓t _ ! �� fi '+�; �. � . 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P /. f � c . - � I� *, "`` ,a'�!"�,.i: , .�?�,�1 ;q,�� ' �. �� i1�` � "?�' T .�,+ � �,_ ►� '-� �. � .: .. � " K ♦ � ��� �� � + � � . .� . ,�� -� . ,� �� � . • r �. ,�, J�► '�.���� 't 4 :� ��`' `°'� i� �' �. A ; .� ,,;ru�" ��':� � = �, : ,. h l;� J� 1 d � n� � r;- j. �. $�/�,�..��' � � t i . ' i �... 1 ��� � �.9 � '� �� �� � ' � � 3 � s�' ��/ �•�' ; �������E�'� ���� � j� � f . ` �� � f �� 'Y� � � �.t r 7 � � � �a� � � � '�I� . � * '.R ��� ��� �. .���Ii' � � . 'R� f . w.�. �..�.,jr. ��.. m�+ ' . �... %- � � L � ' y �° �" +� ,. � .-.:, � � - � C �. . :. a:i� � �r� . � r.� ,i � •� �. . ..�QE � j `.. �� �=�i�� � f � s � � � � y� . �.�' P �� '�� . � ���' c .. ���k": ti� .riio k .. � ��r� ;�:,�'. �:. , . . . ' .� p �p` _ � � �. . . . - � � ', . � '� . � �� � i - . � � ��� ' - :.� �i )J _ _ � � �s.:� � i� �x F � �.�4.�� - !�'.{ � � � -�. �.. F l �� � �'� 't- �.L ."'k' f -` � - �, �„ .i� * 3 �Z � � . ��� . � ,�-, � 'y � 1 . , g,j §F,'�, � z f k . a "� , ., . � 3 � � ���������L � . � . _' �,'�" �� . . .'.i1' � 1 - LLa a, €�'� . ':�`_ M' _,... � e. � 1 ��� .� `�.'�� . :,.� :� � ,¢. � v. .: 4 I Y � t � ` � � ' j „� �, t � �� 7 i �.�,�' � . � �' .",� �i �� � '1 �1 � � � � .. . I o � � � �: � � �-1 � � � � rt� W O � � � U 4 � ,� x N � a r� .T', � •r-I i� �' .� � '.� x a� cp•� [ ua � o � ,—� o � �� _ � a�i�.� � s. � U � � ! C. �j � O I .� � U 4CS A � �D � O r� � a, � � � . � �a � - �� 20 "Luckiamute" A raft of 30,000 feet af lumber from Ronca's saw mili started fram SaZem and sank near Lewisville [RM 23). it is now floatinq dawn the Luckiainute in pieces. Another raft is tied at the Simpsan 1�ri8ge and cannot pragress becae�sa d� the loqs. �3 December 1693 "Parker" 'I'here will be no driving o£ logs on the Luckiamute this winter. 4 January 1895 "Parker" There wi11 be a Zarqe fir loq drive on the Luckiamute this winter. 21 November I695 �. J. Prather,.of Buena Vista, has contsacted with the Capita� Lum- ber Company, af Salem, £or the delivery of 1,50Q,000 feet of yellaw fir Iogs. The 2ogs are gotten out near the moutts of the Lv�kiame�te River. Rpril 1900 E. A. TayZor, of Pedee, is Zagqing on the Iower Luckiamute. May 1901 E. A. TayZor, wha is cuttinq white ffr tim�er on the Luckia�ute, near Pedee, wi�2 soan �ove his camp to th� claim of R. A. Hastfnqs. JuZy �901 They are logginq this winter on the Jake Brawn place wes� of Parker, 6 November 19�2 Le�and Prather and Lawrence Davis summed up their early loc�qinq Gachniques: The best logs ��s coming fzom out of there about the time I was a kid, the best loqs. There was--they tell rne that a fellow by �he name of Jack 4eness and ...(Prescott]...was tne first one that drove the logs out of that F,uckiamute. And Spaulding bought those q�ys out. There was a fellow by the name of L. A. More and somebody else awned the mili in the first place in Salem (present site of Boise Cascade). S�auldinq baught that--fram then on, him and Led- better grew in leaps and bounds. Jack Veness and those guys was sor,�e of the first anes that ever nut any loqs down that (Luckiar�ute) . And they rode thQSn i.n there. ?'hey didn't even use horses. They used a jackscrew. '^hey just came along the bank like you've read in places they do in Alaska. They just rolZed �hem in, and there was iots af timber there. Tl�e sky was the limit. They just had to roZl them ir.. On down �he river...from there c?own to Hoskins, there was a Iot a� that area thare that was Ioqged in all kind Qf shane -- with horses and muZ�s, used jack skrews and eaerything e2se. ?'hat was in the 1880's. 2Z Sefore 1900 they drove logs without the use of the dam. You could drive from Hoskins [n� 38j on the natuzal water, they di� drive 'em up there - they probably �aded 'em too. They waul� qet hard enough rains, but (later] they had to have the water to Qet away from up tl7ere {headwaters) an� es�ecially ov�r that �am at Kinas Ca lley . And that meant the use of splash dams whose construction on the LUCkiamute was undertaken when Charles K. 5gauiding becar.te the central ffqure in the Zoqgina actzvities on the river. C. K. Spau�.dinq An early i.ssue of the Timherman descrihed t;�e posi.tian �f the C. K. Spau�d- inq Lumher Co. on the Luckiamute (Fiqs. 14-17):� "'he Luckiamute is one of the best ZoqgTnq streams in Central Oreqon. 'I'be Chas. K. Spauldinq Logqing Co�pany, of *?ewberg, which have been operating for severaZ years at �ifferent paints on the �^dillamette and its tzzbutaries, have been the principai factors in developing the logging interests of the Luckiamute. This Company's halc3inqs on the Luckiamute are estimated at ahaut 2�0,000,000 feet, and cnnsisting principally of yellow fir and ?�emlock. Three louging engines are in use in the nr�sent camp, and about ten mi3Zion Feet wiii be put in the water this vear. 5evera2 thousanc� dollars have been spent in opaning up the stream and buil�'inQ roads. A larqe dam, with two sluice-qates *�as comp�eted during the pas� year and this has greatly facilitatec� the work. '^he ti.mber on the Lucki azr.ute is large in size and of qood auality. Logs are furnished the tnills at Sa�em and �reqon City, besides those consumed by the cofiQany's mi11s at �:ewberq. The extent of their operations can be best shown by t�ieir output for }.901, which acrqregated 22,595,000 feet. `:he Sim�sans as Si�pson Lumber c`ompany continUed to drive Ioas on the Luckiamute, thouqh t:�ey �sual�y hac� a contract with SoauZdina The drives of the two compan-- ies frotn I90D were chronicled in the Pacific Coast waod c Iron and the Timber�!an (Fias. 38, �0?_ 'Z'he C. i�. Spauldinq Logging Co. , of A7ewbera, are reported to lae buping aZZ the wY�ite fir tirnber that i� accessi'�Ie in the vicinity of �'alls ^ity and alana *_he Luekiamute. It has for soitte ti.me past been buyzng everyt:�ing along the river that would do to make pulp £rom. .7une 19f�0 22 Fig 14. Spaulo�tng Logg�ng �a �- 3$ foot, "Xellow rir�r Trwbutary to the �.uc�iataute on ilpa,ulci�n� pra��rty �ee and �aw S�pson photo — Copy by �ahn L. :=;�I1c�rso:� � s .� t �. ► i ` � �. 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"a � `% -. { �'� � , .` -& x t s y �� �" � ,� �a�� . �-� �� �- � � � L J. � � ,.�Y" { 'Ys'Yb' .A 1�R S y.' d:�:� V 1 gR �-�� y�. ��� � ?# '� `� �� r M ��: � ��� '. � � -.' �,� �I� � S , 'Z J Y �+c.'l.a � �tl .': - t t 'v ; a + Y � Y �' x . �. � � � � �.`. _�.� �: � £ ,�: � �' k � : � t s KP � � �� � r �� ��. , � , i.� '� ¢� '�•; ..� . _ � g - v�': o �� ., a , y l � r � " - .i � U�,.i ' F �': ?,� � ��� �i �' �� `� °� `� �;"'� ��.� fl . � �3'� �. �y �' � ,.r+�s. ..�� � �. ��. ; � ;: � ��-+1w. 54 t - � � . . ,�3��� _- .' � .t'_ V '� . _ x- 4 �-�.. �Y. . . ' . � � . :4 , �_� �f.w � � C. K. Spaulding e�ects to qet out 5 mzZ�ion feet of logs this summer well up on t3ie Luckiamute about I4 miles from Wren, Ore. Fir, hesRlock and balm w�.11 be loqged. Ju�y �900 C. K. Spauidiag wil2 lag 5 rnzllion feet this summer near Kings Valley. Augnst 1900 The C. R. Spaulding Laqginq Company has 2,000.�00 feet of logs cut oa the Luckiamute, awaiting the winter freshet. 5eptember Z900 The camps of Charles K. Spauld�ng and Phy Simpson near Pedee, are working. Mr, Spauldinq has a crew of abaut 25 men, and uses two engines. Mr. Si,mpson has a crew of 15 men, a�d an engine. As soon as they can get svfficient water they wiil drive the output of the summer's work, which will be 5,000,000 feet. The logs will be driven to �regon City and Salesn. Deeember Z900 Phy Simpson, of Pedee, writes that he has a contract to £urnish 2,000,00(1 feet of logs for the Peedee Luml�ering Company and another of 3,0OO,ODQ �or the C. K. S�auiding Logging Campany on the Luckiamtlte. He is usi.ng horse teams on the Luckiamute and a donkey engine on �he Pedee. �une 3.9�2 The Charles K. SpauZding Loggir►g Campany, of Newberg, c]xegon, had 1�,000,000 �eet of ba7.m and white fir Iogs in their drive for ttse Oregon City gaper mills. The Iogs are cut in the Luckiamute and San�iam Distri.cts and driven down the Willamette to Oregon Cfty. The Iogging crew consists of five teams and about thirty men. August 19Q2 The Chas. K. Spaulding Logging Co., of Newberg, Oreg., cut 32,000.0{�Q feet of yell.ow fir, white fi.r, and cottonweqc3 logs durinq I903. January Z904 The Charles K. 5pauldinq Loqging Company, of rrew�er�, have been very successful this seasan in qetting their Zogs down the Luckiamute to the Wi11a�eCte, They ran down 6,000,0�0 feet in �Tovemher;. B in Janu�zy, have 9,004,0�0 feet more about to run. Febxvazy 1904 Charles K. Spauiding Logging Co. The company has 3,DOO,t700 feet of logs at i�s mi11. at present, anc� has 7,OQO,OflO feet of logs in the Luckiamute and Yamhill rivers. Auaust 1944 29 Charles K. Spaulding, of C. K. Spaulding Logqinq Com�aany, of h'ewberg, says the recent rai.ns had released their logs �n the Luckiamute, which would enable them to operate their mfll at Newberg. April 1905 A 9,E?00,000 foot log drive for the Chas. K. SpauZding Loggi.ng Campany passed Independence, August 1, for the Company's ,�lant at SaZem. Auqust 19�5 Chas. K. SpauY�ing Logging Comgany af N�wberg, have started a drive of logs for their Salem and Independence mi11s. L3ecember 1905 The Charles K. SpauZding Loggfng Company, of Salem...has a3�out twelve miilion feet to come out of the Luckiamute. June 1906 Phy Simpson, of Pedee, is getting out 4,400,OOQ feet of Zogs on the Big Luckiamute. He is using a I.idgerwood and Willamette enqa.ne. May I906 C. K. 5pauldfng Logg�ng Campany, of Newberg, are starting up their laaging camps on the Luckiamute R�ver. The Newberg, Sa1em and Dal�as mills are beina operated on an easy qaft. March 1908 'Itao events marked this early period o£ driving on the Luckiann.tte by the C. K. Spaulding i,ogging C�npany. First there was the a��empt of the Independence- Fal1.s City Lumber & Im�rovement Comoany to Ievy a toi]. on their drives with a franchise from the Palk County Court. Spaultiinq �ontested �he canstitv�ionality of the legislat�an empawering county courts to grant snch Ieases of driving streams, and on a technicality won their case ia the Oregon Supreme Court. Thefr victary inhibited the ctrantiaq af sfmi2ar franchises Eor the next fi,fteen years. As the case rested on the drafting af the statute, the case dfd no� anqenc3er testimany on the use of the Luckiamute fpr Zog drives� but statements in the briefs do qive so�ne description of driving the river. � It is alleged, among other �hings, that at all times therein mentioned t�s Luckiamute Riv�r...is aaw a navigab�e stream o� sufficient capacity to subserve the ends of camQ!terce and to transport upon its surface 1ogs, Iumber and other tim�er products. That the plainti.ff and respondent is the owner of large �racts of timber lands lying within Fo1k County, Oreqon, and has been for several years and is ncw engaged in cutting saw logs fram said timber lands and �ransporting san�e to market by driving anc3 float- ing sdt�e do�wn the Luckiamute River. That the only practicable method of reach�ng market with said saw Ioqs of plafntiff and respondent is by floating and driving same dawn the Luck�a►�ute P.iver . That the plaintiff has naw (actober 4, 190I] cut upon lands trib- utazy to said Luckiamute River not �.ess than two million feet af saw logs and it i.s the purpose and intention af pZaintiff, follaw- ing f.�s usual custom, to place said saw Zogs in the said Luckiamute River and by means of waters thereof, to �loat the same dawn the Luckiamute River thravgh the counties of Palk and Benton to 'the mfluth of said ri.ver. The second major event in the early history of Spaul.ding logqing on the rivex was the baiZding of its splash dams. �he first of these, as is indicated in the above description of Spae�3ding's operation on the Luckiamute, was buil.t during the logginq season i900-OI: Ahout the yeax� �90D the Chas. IC. Spauld�n4 Logqiag Company coa- structed a dam approximately 34 feet high in the southeast quarter of section 19, towzisnfp 9 south, range 7 west of the willamette Meridian, across the Luckiamute river..... That such a dam was operated by the Chas. K. Spauidinq Logging Company from the year Z9d0 unti7� about the years 19E}8 or i909, and tne sarne has not been us�d or operatec� by the Chas. K. Spaulding Logqing Company si.nca said date. According to Dee and #]aw Si.�pson it was their father and uncies who designed this and the other engineering feats of Spauldinq on the Luckiamute. T�Q first dam was ca�led Biq Dam (Figs. 24,22} and was just below the 1Vart31 �'o�rk of �he Luckiamute at River Mile 5Q. Leland Prather made this enLhusiastic description of the structure: Now that was a big damt Yt was buiZt �ust below the fork of the Luckiamute - north and saut.h forks...they called it Big Dam. The water was backed cZear up to Camp Walker. They had a seri.es of 3Z ` � � 1 '.' �y s ; _ � � � ; ' r� . � ` �. � ,� . � � .` i . � � . 1 � 'S'�� q };� � � � .. �\ ��' � 1 � rp. � !•'° - , ' rI . . �, � � � �4� � - � i y. r � , _. � � � � �' � - � . _ y s W . � � `•�� � • � � (,- � ' k` JI , R A,� Y'.. _ . t+'S . � � �. C � "�t ` 1 ` q � � � " . � ''�� } � �" * , �: , � � � �. 1 1 .. � � ' � ' t �., �,� ,- � . � � 1 _�,� '°�.fi,�, Y �� E �f� E� ' � . � � ` ��� ' '':- ��• � '. ,�'�,,; �. _ � ' � . � � � ,�' i' �.' �` '' �, �� _ . ` ` � - . ' � '; � � � , f .. ,� � • • ' � �- L3 �. _ � - � � ' � � ��.. � � + � �+Tw � ?��. ?r ' � t, � . � . 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''� i y . 1 �'..� .� �'� }� �� Y � � 11. S � y�' � . � . � � � ��� � � •- -` � � �� y �:-��' r -��' ' f � ` . � " � �. . � � ,� , . , j .�� d.�. �. , � � A ' � �� A � �!� ��� �y� �� . �r � ,ty . �. - F �� °��_` " . � � . ,�:' , f�� ._ ° s .. _ Iittle dams that Zed into Riq Dam, oh, every auarter af a mile or so along the head nf �he south fork and the little creeks that went pert near to VaZsetz! After around �906 ar sa, they quit using Big Dam, Big Dam was succeeded by the even mare impressive Seekay Dam named far C. �. Spaulding. it was located just above what fs knawn to�ay as Fisherman's Camp at River MiZe 46 (Fiqs. 23-25?. Seekay was �sed considerab�y more than Big Dain. It had a total of three "loq chutes" entering the bac}cwater. 2's�o were 1.ocated on the northerly side and one enterec� toward the rear of the back- water to the south, About the year 1905 the said Chas. K. Spauld�ng Logginq Company canstructed a aam across the I.uckiamute Piver which fl.aws tnrough the northwest quarter of Sections 34, Township Q South, �.ange 7 �,�est of the 4�illamette '?eridian. The pur�.+ose of Zarge perinanent splash da�!ts 3ike Siq T�am and Seekay was twofald: ta provide a staraqe area for logs cut during the year and ta give an initia� boast to the logs so they couZd oass through the white water section of the upper river. f?ere the grad�ent was steep, �he water very swift, and large houlders ar rack outcrvppings createc� problems for the 3ocr drivers unless the 34 water was sufficiertly deep. I de�bt very much if they caul� have drove the loqs fn �hp ur�per reaches wzthaut the loq dam {Seekay). Some of them places dawn there was pretty zacky and you had to have a gaod quantity of water to keep 'em rnoving at aZl tines. !'?ther than that, why you wouldn't got very far with a bunch of logs. That the artificial floods cxeated by the r?efendant in the time intervenino between the construction of the sa�d dam and t�:e bringing of this suit have razs�c3 the water in the saic� stream from two to three f.eet above its norn�al staQe �t points as far as faurteen r.:�.les below the said dam. �ee3cay Datn and its feeder chutes s^ade an i�pressive operation, and the old time locrgers rememher its chutes w*ith exciter.+ent. "'he two log chutes on the north side a£ the baclraater, C*sute ]. was the Zower and Chute 2 the upper, were supplied by a sma.11 Shay enqane �it� �ra�ks that lead to loadina areas back in 35 7'HE WAY THES� GATES WORK W.HEN Tf?E DAM IS F[ILL, THA`P IS GTHEN THEY FLOOD . THE [TPPER GATES GO UP AND 'I'HE LQWE:R GATF.S GO bOWN . '"HERE ARE CABJ.,�S FASTENED TO THE BflTTOM OF Tf� UPPFR GRTES AND TO THE TOP OF THE LOwEit GATE. THF.SE CABI�S GO CTP THROLTGH A SHEAVE. THIS SHFAV£ IS ON THE: SID� OF TIiE 'I'�MBER XOU CAN SE� OVEF.HEAD AT T� DAM. THESE TWO G,ATES ARE ABdUT 4 FEET APART �?fiEN BOTH AR�' UPRIGHT. TI3ERE IS A SMAI,L DdOR CUT IN SIDEWAI,L CF GATE PAAME ABOUT 16 x 20 IPICHES. THZS �MALL Dt)OR I5 �7lJST B�TW�EN '?'F?E GATES, SO A'HEN IT IS 'rIME 'i'0 FLOOD THIS LITTLE �C�R IS OPENED, AND mKr �r1ATER FILLS UP BE^'WEEN THE TL10 GATES ANb THIS ?�AItES PRESSURE AGAIi+TST THE LOWER GATE ANLi THE C?PPER GATE IS ALMOST REP:DY '^O FItC?AT, S� UP G(]ES THE UPPEP �ATE RND Ti?E LOS�TER rATE TUR�iS DOU'N AND I-�RE GOES TN� �^?ATER Ah� LQGB. NC3PT T(? CI�iSE THF GATES THERE IS A TOGGLE ON TfiI5 CABLE. TAIC� A HA!�fER ArrD �bcK THIS '?'OGGLE LOOSE ABiI7 THE UPPER GATE WILE, DROP AND THIS CUTS OFF THE GIRTER. THERE IS A WiNDi,�155 {�N DECK PTITH CABLE SO HOOIt THIS CA$LE TO THx' LO[•.'Ei2 GA3'E AND IT WILL SWI�TG UP FOR IT IS HINGED AT THE BOTTQtyi, A?�ID DT04� HOOK THE CABLE BACK P.I�tD YOCT AFE P.EADY TQ FLOC}b AGAIN . Oscar �. Page Collection, 19b0. 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"s+i. � f � �. .� ' ������� � � } c"�r�4T •A�; �� :., � ..�. +r ..4'� . �f"`W'.'. � �, '+.,,�;;�; �t ,r�-~` - .�� � e � ��. . � ���� �'" � � �. ��. � � � t _�1 � ��� �-x,��l �`�s �� i + Y,�. � �= �� � � �,. � . � .�' ���� - {-y � � { � s �-� ,,�,� � . �` ';�� � . �� � } �'� � � * � �''�' � �� �'�+� �,.: F �, � , � � ;» ��� °.. � a �p ` r�� ° '�� ,�, �. � - � � - . e �" �.'� „ � .�'"' - � �. ; �� ;� -�t` �.' the tisnber (�igs. 26-30}. The tnird chu�e was very long. It came around the mountaxn on the sauthern side and made several turns before it entered the backwater at its upper end; My, yes, T�sat ch�te was rea�ly something else. Why it was twelve or fifteen hundred feet long, almost straiqht up and dawn, I can't really remember exact3.y. I can remember� though, ft only took abovt ten seconds for a log ta hit the water, oh mp, yes, it did, and what a spZash it wauld make, too. Sameti�rtes a Zoq would jump out of thaG chute. Bayi �t sure cleared the brush. Yes, sir, they woulc3n' t let anyboc3y ga dcnm by that chute when they were ' using iC, ».o, sir. '�hey kept logs to it with a 2.i.ttle 5hay train. I seen those Iogs in them chutes when they'd hit the water so darned hard they'd Just f1y agart, just I3ke you was shoving a box of dynamite in them. Those chutes was steep. If you dida't have a qood pair o' �hocks (shoes with sharp spikes in the sal.es� on, that Chute l, yau couldn'� stand on it, it was that steep. I9D9 proved to be a milestane year fnr Spaulding Loggiag Campany. in that year 5i.mpson Loggfng Company entered into an agreemenL to loq exclusive].y for them. It also witnessed their largest drives on the Luckinmute. Tn most years since 19Q0 Spaulding had taken out S ta 15 �nillion board feet of Iogs. In �909 they took an enarmous 20 mi�lian Board feet out af �h�s reZa�ively small river: 37 Qne year they had twenty j20 million hoard feet]. That year they pullec3 tY�em aut of Ritner Czeek over i.nta the Hia Luckiamute aad drove them out. Some af the �.a�rgest loqs that ever came ot�t of the Luckiamute came out of the Ritner Creek area. Six os seven feet thrauqh. And they - one year, no tw� ysars, they didn't get enough water in Ritner Creek I�o s�lash out the logs] so they built a pole road a miZe long with a statianary donkey, (It sat at tiie top of the trtotamtain between the headwaters of Ritner Creek and the Luckiamute). Z think that donkey #.s sti�.l. sitting there; it was the last time I was ever there. They built a chu�Le [Chute 2) ancl shot them over in the Big Luckian�ute an3 drove them on� that way. 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Y • y 'L �- s , ��� , �, ::;;-:-.�ir � • � � � � ' ,� - -3 .� -° o � � A. � 4) O -� F:. � � � 4 ? � O ' A � '� N t'., � cd � � � � .� Ga s: O ''� • �--I � r-1 � � W O � � N ,.� c� ia .� 't� � � k rn O ri . �z,;ti M � a3 `� � � � � i C � � O +.L � � ' x .N � a� � � � � U ��a b j.� �., U W O. � � � � � t.. � ' �, � �� �� !. r v e ` o N � � r a � N � � M N �YI � �° N e � o - S1J � = � � > o � � p d C7 � x � a � e � � J a v a 1 � Z �,� i a = a o � - - w • • � 6 O v a �a C C \ r • f va v � > W+ � � M a r a V7 O �e 'I'he Process of Loaqina and rrivina on t�e Luckiamute �Iaving examined the hiqh points in the early hzstory of the 5paulding- Simpson locrgina operatinns on the Luckiamute, in this section the wealth o£ r��iniscences which we were a,ble to tap concernina those operations wi�l be used ta folZaw thes� from the fellinq of tihe trees to their a�rival at the - sawmills on the wiilamette. Red �nyder, wha beqan working for Simpson Lumber Coinpany in 1917, was hath a�a�ler and a buc3cer. He cZescribes these inf.tial steps in loqging as practiced on tfie Luckiamuta (Fig, 15): 'Theze was two men on a cresv, usually they had � or 5 crews workina ati one time. F�aw many trees yau cou3.d cut would depend on a whole lot of things. oh, the size of the trees, if it was rough qoina, yau knaw, brush and steep hiZ2s. We'd cut any- where from 40 to 1�0,000 teet a day. Course that deoended on if we were working for wages or by the pi�ce. �ot more money work- ing by the niece, ya kncnv, You had to, in bnckznq; we '�ad to cu� them big logs - oh, anything up to 6, 7 feet - we had to cut them 24 £aot lonq. Anything beZow that, we cut 4� feet. This was because the large diameter logs would be too bia for the evuir�ment to handle zf they were nat in tkie smalle� 24 foat lengths. After the loc�s were bucked, two ddnkeys were used to �raq them to the river or the feeder streams. CJnfortunately Spauldina`s first donkeys were too smaZ], to handle the iarges� of the tim�er found in the hasin: Spa�lding had Ysaught two of them '�onday donkeys and he learnt somethinq, They �aas ail riqht with them small loqs but they couldn't do notninq witih that biq ti�ber down an �he Luckiamute. And old Mika McLaughlin run camp foz Spauldinq then - that was befare my time over there - and they took the Iittle donkeys and went thrdugh that tract titnber below the Valley and 5ilatz iP.R] there and iocrged out the small stuff and medium stnff. Had to leave the big stuff stand. It wasn't until about I922 or '24 when Fred Ritn�r and Bob Baldaree moved in there with the biq extension fire hoxes and logged the big timber. 51 Some loqs were taken out turther downstream by o�her operators wark- ing for themseives or for 5paul�ing as is described in this loqger's Iien: J. D. Wood claims a Izen upon certain saw loqs, beinq about one million feet more nr less, Zying in Ritner creek on the lands of Jaseph Edwards, and iying a.n the woods on the �anc�s of sairi Joseph Edwards, C. P. �leman and Jacob Kimsey, in Township IO �outh of Ftange 6 West of the Wi1l,amette Meridzan in Polk County, Oregon, which said iogs were cu� by me...and are marked thvs B and a circ�e �[ttte Spaulding brand] and unmarked...for 2abor performed vpon and ass�s�ance renaered in cutting or manufacturing loqs....Lewis Edwaxds pxamised and agreed to pay �o said J. D. Wood the sum of Sixty cents per thousand feet for logs when cu� by hi�n upon the com!pletion of the cutting of said logs....That said labor and assfstance was performed between the 14th. day of :�ay 1906, and the fourth day af June 1908. As Leland Prather earlier recalled there were small sp�ash dams used to sZuice the Spaulding-Simpson ltiqs braught to the headwaters �own to the reservoir hehind Biq Dam. I,eZand described haw Biq Dam was used in fts las�. year: ji�hen they leC the Zogs out of t3ze c3am at Camp �alker (Big Dam] logs would start rvnning into Seekay in akaout an hour. It was about seven miles. After around 1906 or sa, they quit using Big Dam, they jus� logged into Seekay. 'i'�tey just dpened Big �am's gates and just Ieft them open. Most of our infarmation abo�xt splash dam drivina on the Luc3ciamute therefore relates to Seekay Dam to which �oas were braught 3�y chutes and two miles of raiiroad track into the titnher. At the beqinning of winter the reservoir behine� See3cay Dam woula be filled wittti I.oc�s - anywhere £rom b to I2 million feet - wai.ting for the winter rains to "qet the water right." "Riqht" was wh�n there was sufficient watar to clear the ugriver gorqe without the danQer of fioodinq in the Zawlands which would taka the loqs aut of t'�e r�ver's ban3cs and inta the 42 farmers' fields. �'hey usually �urn that dam laose when the river was about a third f�il. A� that time the f Ioad water would �o down and this natural rain was holding it. Cause if you c3idn't, ynu �idn't dare aet that out in toe big af watez cause if yoU did, you put it all out in tha� �armer's field. ��� If you had ordinary wa�er. A�d you take hiqh water, what you call fZooc�, that didn't work. Someti�es yo� had to wai� until the water started dropping before you could go on. Because if you di�n't they'd ao in �he fields. once released they would keep "the increase of the f 1aw (from the dam] as neax as level with the top of the hank that they cotild." G�nerally the drive beqan in the month of I]ecember. Sornetimes i.f tha "water was right," they would beain the drives earlier. If it was a dry year, the loqs wouldn't be sent dawn until as lat� as Fehre�ary; once ia a while they'd turn them Ioose from Seekay clear to the middle of Feb]Cuary. They wovld log as �onq as they couid, as long as th�y had any storaqe room, t^?fsen the water was riqht, �hen they wauld let them aut and run them into that boom - in those days they would run them into the aid Atwater boo�rt riqht below Pedee aboUt 3 miles. They had a Zawsuft with a man name8 Taylor 'cause the banks beqan ta wash af£. So, in order to keeo ther� logs fx�om backing back so far, they moved the bo� ciear down here to Tetherpw at Elkins (F�,g, 34}, When the water was just right and the men all ready, the huge gates o£ the 8am were openec3:`�� TYzey nad qates in there with a crank on it, and they'd just crank the gates up. After that qate was open, mis�er,-she had ta go £ram then on. Of course, we kept them [logs] straight. The boom �ogs run u� each side here so they couldn't run intc� t�he hank. And there was men strung all along there �o keep them straiqht. If a log ever ga� crosswise in there, why, hell, you had Z40 acses af water w�iqht on thera. Evexy once in a whi�.e, they did qet one across there, and they had quite a time sometimes. One ti�e they had to shatter it. They had to close the gates. see, the qates was nver about this far, and the chute was out here. If vou never saw one of them apen, yau can't imaqine the water that ga�s out ther� - hundxeds of acres of water back there. �='hen the dam was opened, you cauld tell 'cause the water would start comi.ng up. It came up just like the �id� was a'�c�inQ in on the beach. According to Leland Prather, Seelcay I7am provided a cushion of wa�er that was notzceable clear to Kinas Valley. 53 You didn't have to drive the loas in the u�per haZf hecanse the water from the dam brought them down. Course the flaw from the dam wen� clear to the (�illamette] river, �ut in the �orae it's narrow and the water fZattens out �own in the valley 'cause the stream widens out and slows down. Then, when they open the dam it would raise the water fonr or five feet in the headwaters. Dawn toward the mouth the water had receded and there was not as much �ower to it 'cause she had tZattene� out. The locrs were an their way dawnriver, and the crew beqan i�s job of kee�ing them moving toward the mouth 50 miles away: One time we had about i5 �en on a crew for a loc� drive, but the regezlar crew on there was about B men. The averaqe driver got $3 ta $5 a day plus food and lodqinq. You'd just foZlow the loc�s, you miqht hava a jam up ahead and if they couldn't do it, �ten you wou�d take the whole damn crew. Ya see, they �ad jam c�ews and rearing crews. I ran a jam crew for years--2 or 3 of us would juinQ right on a log with a nike gole or a peavey [Fiq. 35), most generalZy it was a pike pole to start. Many a time, I wouZd ride from l�ke Lewisville (RM 23) ta Tetherow {RM 18) down to that boom to see if th�re was any jams and then I ma�ld come back and then I would help the rearing crew. �r1e had ja�- ming crews and rearinq crews, but we had to help each other out depending on what had to be done. The rearina crew knew w�at they had to do--that was to follow the Ioqs and �ickina them out o€ the brush and keep them mo�inq--but if you had--we'd have to send word back to the rearing crew to give us � hand, And if it was a goocl jam and we couldn't break it, we'd have to have someone waik to h�re a farmer to qo buy some pawder and blow the tree out. we just all done what we had to �o to keep the lags movina. I wor3ced on the 'jam cr�w', but a lot of times I wovld be ciear to the fxont, I imagine that there was somewhere around 10 to 12 million feet in a drive, t•*e always c•�aited for th� �oas dcxan belaw the aorge. I can't exactly tell you where that was, its ia Kzngs VaZley, prvbably 8 to 1Q �iles belaw Seekay. They had r�en strung a11 alang the river, there must have been about a dazen, seemed like it taok us ai�out a±ronth to move 'em throvqh. It wasn't sa bad at the u�per end `cae�se they hiked riqht alona, but then they would get down thexe in that sluggish water and t;�ey diun't move too fa�t. Yoa'd ?��ave to �e rir�ht there to make sure that evezything went all riaht. c�h, sometimes, they would get a hig loq and ride it down, sometimes they coould just hike alona the bank. "iast qenerally, some of 'em would know where there was a bad spot below and they would aet there and wait. A couple wouZd aet there and wait ane3 w3�en they (loqs? car+e t'�rouqh, they would sheer them alqng fast. 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' RM 3 .' ,f . . �� a� is � �tr� � �� . 4 t 4:': P • . . � :F �` 'd X �k � ; 4' ; ,i f ' � ,� .� t :i . �` � i- ' , � -, �, �, � � ? � . � ,_ . , . _ _ '-' -� . _� � � i .. 7 s .. �'�� - p'A � � ; . � i . `.' � z � "y � -� 3-� ' � _ � s� f s �'� '" _� , + `� i � � • _. ._...._....� �, �� - � �� .� .�, , +'' a � � � .-n o- , �� F� s r , - . � . . . �� � �. � R �'�;�� � e�+ � . � ,,.� a � r Y " d 4 . � . . . - � � -_. "i` firc� 6 _� �� a ... �i.. �.� �. • 4 v f�"f 3 � 'a,. �.s.� + � �. ' i .. _ . - , � ���1p�,i� x � �� ` f �� 1rrr �w�.�,.� � ,y - �' � � rF �`� yq_�.�� y } �����. ~4 - . - � '� ts �` ! -- � � � . � s- �, �' - - �; x . "� # - ,i �, . , , � .` f _ '�k � { .- � . ,.. , Pi'�'r � W i It . � < ' F_ ' 3s. t5i . .?�.. .s ��i . _ 1 . � . - .. � � A: . . , th�m alonq. 'f�y, it would save them a Iot of work. ��ost ae�er- a21y, they just kept �eanderina alona throuah and you just kept the� straiaht and kept the� moving alonq. �•'e �aae about 50 cer.ts an �aur. �our dellars a day an� we had to pay for onr roo� an� board. That was set un ahead o£ ti�e. The first few �i�es of the Luckiamute, after the loqs left the �a�, �.yere �retty good qoinq. Once the drive got to the valley floor, however, where the river beqins to meander wzl�Zy, the dri V�rS had their hands fuZl:�� S�fi en they qot to the valley, �here was where you had to be on your toes to keep thin�s a'moving and fram jammina into the bank. mhe auys was walking xiqht alonq keep�nQ `em. movinq. �ne of the cr�akedest streams in Oreaon, I auess. ��on'L thin� there's one �hat's crookeder than it is.....There was one auy up there that was a pretty hard dr3nking quy, up here ahove �lkton cauntry, down between that `•+ap2e �zove and the �out� of the Litt�e Lackiamute, the quy said, 'I don't know if I'm drinking the right kind of H�hiskey or not, but that hoUSe has been riqht out there a�l day.' Yon could work there and aroun� a dozen bends, hut you'd be no farther away from that house than when you left that morning..... The banks was in pretty gooc3 shape in those �ays 'cause the Zogs kent all the br�sh and stuff knocked off it, n�n'� like it is naa--now that manle r.raw there. It ain't only about that �ide, buC if that brush is knocked off there, why it's a pretty good river. In spite of the jams and the ha�dups and other problems that seem to foliow a nraject such as this, ttse loa drivers �vere able to take the logs c3own the 5D miles of the river in a relatively shart time: They drove about--as a rulE--about 10 or 11 mi]lion a ve�r out of there. I� took tror� 8 to ZO days to make a drive fram See?cay. The longest ane I was ever on a�as 16 days. '^he river was deep enouah to float the loQS all the way c3awn, unless the water woul� ao to drop�inq, which some- tir�es it'u c?n that, and you'd have to qsti.t until you aot another raise in the river---hnt it hardly ever. [did]. �3ne time we brouqht, I think it F�as, 13 r^i�lian. Six of us '�]rni1(J�t thd,t gLifl thr+.?�.l[Tl'? *_her ir R r�3��S: ^'1-;�t was sor,+e pzetty c�amn chea� Ioqs then. Often as not, when a loq drive was in full �'orce, if t�ere was a locr jain, loc�s F�oulc� bac3c up for quite a ways. �or.!etimes the loas T•;ould jam uo nn a snaq or a bend in the river, some*_imes it �aas a�ridge (Fia. 37): 55 � '��� tw f , � • � r � j �s � � �� � . f� ,�. 1 ,:,� a �.f ` � 4� 3: �t�°' .; �¢ •� � �� i � � SF � � # ��� yx � � , ?' . � �.. .,� _�� ;' k ,�,� �; ` 7�� }"� �� '� �,� �� �� ' � . �" �S` � F t ':� -'.� r � "�` x �e� � , - ,a7" ��`� � � rt / � `.,� � :" � fi � �� [ ,' 7 �,' 1 e - -�. � � _ d ., �;� � -! � s r-.w� !.� x�: �tii1 � " F , �., . . � ���� � � �- f , � x ' '';��.. '� ' .kR .�':'1. � � � C - �j ,� ��- � F.�� _ _ � .;a � r � � �' � .�A'�' �� } ' � � �. . � i , � `' � �. M '�� ' � �3 Y{yb ` [ � '. . � � �� � � ' " � .-., • y. . y" � �' _ . , �a.s..r.... '��'� i � _. ��� +* . i � � � i f � � . :'�' �{_ +.. ! 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' � . . �;; � --�= ` y, �- �. � _ � � � � Y � � �, �' ;� �: � _ �. � r i �.,� �i." „!� t _. � • � ' � ; � f [1 *� ,.� i � � �+r� �:sviwrj `� � � � . - , ,�" - �.:�� � � ��� f �, - • '� I ," ,� � - � �� -� �- .. � � ` .;� „ ' -��;'."- '�' - � �;.;.�..n�,,. . , . . �—�--�! , '�` � � ; � s ` ry•= , �*, � � - � , * `� , „'"rxa� - i � � �� _�e? r � � � � s . �4�.r�,�.., ��+..�,.�� +�� �"� -� �' .-anr � "SaFYai4^_ � i � " ....."^' � ' . �, , .3 Y' � ��"`� � 4 �_! g � ' � . . y .� ,.�� �._ � � � ^� ° '� f ' � � � a x -� � �""'� �' » .. �,. � � ±; � t :...�. � � . � e �. �.,..,,,.,.� 4 _ . . �!"y"ror< . a �;. �—���."�""�� "` i s �_ i _ `r � _L.�. . ..::.`Z" ,�.6 �ii T _ �« � � �vi � .ti��x . . . . � �' - d t i.. . � h�'" ; � � ,��,�. .-.�" �""� ' �wr..� '~ S � �t . �w` � � # � • � � �,'� 4 � . :i�_. F .:.�. y� �.. ,- � _ . � a . �..�+ _ � ,�, �e : . r .� �j ; �:� r � � � �ti, . s-�, - �� '' f ..� M . � � ',. �, � � r ° §�, �� ; � .-; � � �� ;��� '. �', ,�`��_ ! . � � � -, .. f � . � � � Y ,�' � r ' � � . . ��� * � ���". �� . . . � � l � � y� f � � � R � � � � f ' •' �� a�l:-��r . � �4 " T � i -' ; "n 4.dt.��- � • . x " �� ��� ' }� � � } � � i +AF� s • . .�'. ;� �' a.A �� ~ : , "9� �. � � �: -.� yr �yr���� +C�?'�,�+°��^� t 5 � - h f _:' � . } S �y � �;..?, sY _ �.:.'7 �«.�1�.� .��� n il S �� , .. ...s - :. � �: well, s�re, every hrfdqe they (Vallev and Si2etz ?ailroad} built, they set the pier riqht in the center of the ri��er. Oh, you had jams on them, don't kid yourself. Some of them would back �p there for a cou�Ze of miles. In 1915 ar so, Jim Day was runninq the drive and Faine Simpsan had part of his crew fxam camp and they (loas) jammed up on that--they had a little steam donkey �avn there pulling--soms of the 2oas was shoved right out across the track riqht on top of the �ridqe. �en they jammed up on tha� bridge, they piZed up clear back for ahaut a mile. Z`hey Ieft io_qs one year just beZaw Hoskins. "'Yiey had to go back and get them the fQllowinq year. 'daw, on that Zast drive, that jam was riqht there at that rai�road trestle and there was a lat of hollerfn' a}�ont that they were goinq to lose the�r tzes�le zf we �idn't qet that jam broke uq. They qot it broke up and they di�n't lose any- thing. They ran 'e� through. If you have a jam of, say, 20 or 3� 2ocrs, you just grab a�eavey and s�art in prying them Zoose. A Zot of ti�es you can da that. You always star� at the front end, yo� wotiZd pfck out that 'key' log you could see this key log, you could see how it was working in there. �iater wonld be a'r411ing an i� hut then vou cfl�ld see haw it was doinq so consequent�y you would try to �et that�gne loose. If you cauldn't do it with a peavey, you'd bZaa it. Pete Frantz talks about Iog james in his book entitled '"imber iSp The Luc3caainute There was a loa jam just above F?oslcins onca. we had to stay back qvite a ways whz�e they were breakinq it up, but we could s�e the men aut on the river workinq with peavies. Finally, they �ut in a charge of dynamite. That did the job but it wasn't fun for the feilow who lighted t.he fUSe, xe ��as a littie bit slow in getti*�� out of the way when the jam broke �Lt he .^,et o�st a11 right, on the wrong side of the river from the rest of the crew. He walked dawn to a bridqe and came across there. when he passed us, �here was sti.Zl water runninQ out o� his boots. There was another jam one time down below Hoskins that ane never did get broken up. The �ogs cot jammed in so tight, th� crew di�n't even try La move and they were left zn the river a�l sur.uner. The jam made a nice place for the kids to play. ?�?e walked dcywn the zzver on the logs for practically a r�ile and never could see Wd�?�' . T�?3r f�l�. � t.}1��1��'? i thQy move� 1�1 a dOn�?y PIIQI?'!p anr� stzunq out the locrs to Qet thein st�r�.ed . [�fien the water car.�e up �rith the winter rains the Zoqs finally ran on c?own tt�e river. That was one drive of logs that got to the mil� a year iate. Leland Prather added-� You'd leave some Iogs alpnq the river, but r,?ost years you act 58 them clean the first trip. This was qenerally done between ��cember 5 and the 24th. �h, yes, rne y�ar [I932) they le�t a million and a half up there. L'nlike log drives on the Iarger rivers where �rivers and horse teams were kept supplied by a special crew of coaks and "camp flunkies" and large rafts callea wannigans (that served as cookhouse, bunkhouse, and stable) follawina on the river �ehin� the drive, the sitnation an the Luckiamute was entirely di£fer�nt fFig. 38): tde ate at farm houses. .he suppiies--sometimes the foad around noon wasn't even there. You wasn't even anyways near it. Yau missed lats of ineals. Then, zf the auy wou�d go to s1e�p, you didn`t get any�hing to eat anyway. t��e siep� in some farm house....we had that all set up ahead, and the boss usual�y knew whereabouts snmewhere near wheze we waul� he eating. ��?e'd try to make it to certain places by niqht�all, some of the nlaces we stayed were Chambexs at Kinqs !talley, Loves at Pe�ee, the hoteZ at Azrlie, t.he home of �orcy Turner near Lewisville, the nomes of ro;ur,,bus and Albert Tetherow and their mother--the Lacy place--at Parker. Anather thina, in the morning when most people �aas sleepinq, daylight, we started out and we started up throuqh the� fields. There was no turning hack no matter what you come to. You waded right thzaugh her if it ��as u� to your neck and you were cold. That's the way you went thxough. mhE onlv snpport equipment used on the L�ckiamute locr arives �aas a 19-foot boat that followe8 tha Zogs and c�ew down the r�ver. The boat was used to carzy the crew and equipment, but mostly it was a safety aid for the drivers: You had to have �oats, tao, on that river crew. The r.iver crews had to have a boat because they had ta cxoss �ack ana forth across the rfver. You couldn't always cross thP loqs, �?e generally didn't put the boat in until we got to Pedee. After the last iog went by, we would put in the boat. The boa� was about 19 £eet long and 4£eet wzde; it carried our eauipment; it wou�d hold 8 men and all the peaveys; but mostly it was used for safety, in case a auy waul� qet cauqht on a loq. �ne problem tha*_ wa� a ccr.stant ��crry �£ t�e l�q drivers *Nas risinq u�at�r. If the water in the river got above bank-fuil s�age, logs would som.etimes hit a low s�at--generally in a bend of the river--and fillup a farmer's €ield with 59 logs, I've seen fields clear full of loqs; sometimes o-�e'd come in there anu ta3ce 'em out; sometimes the caater wouZd ao dc>wn before we gat to 'em and there they`� set. 'Course the farroer wau�d holler, he always made out though. F?e qeneralZy got paid for the crop damage, glus he hac� aZl the firewood he could cut. The Zast [locr drive3 they c?rovP out of thera, they qave up on it 'cavse they lost sn many aff on the side in the fields, sa they had to come do�� t?�e river with a small donkey on iogs lashed together. And they pulled loc�s int� the river and sent ther� dawn. 1lrchie K.zmsey, early 1oq driver born in I890, started his career in Iog drivinq on the Luckiamuta in 1912. Later, ne drove logs on the *?cKenzie, wil�amette, 5antiam. and rivers in Canada and tiontana. Axchie recalls the prohlems of log jams: 57 ?'hey sp].ashed dammed the Luckiamute a whole 7.ot, you know. 1�nd when they sp�ash dammed them, they fiooded them and washed them out in people's fields. And they auit that. �ut years afterward, I and Dave Barger, Sid ?�iller and A�.f'unk--they sent us up to qet ther� and aave us a little old '�tonday donkey. we pul.Zed them in--by God! We got them down to Newberg. t�?e had auite a drive. pete Frantz aiso disc�sses the problem of logs in the farmers' fieJ.ds in his boak Timher U The Luckiamute: ^_'hey wanted to pick a tir+e when 'the river and logs would stay up after they let the water out nf the c�am. TheY tried to £iaure a time when they could drive clear on through ta the Willamette River. �f they started a drive and it beqan to rafn, the river wouid qet too hiqh. nown in the 1c�wer end of the vall.ey, the river woe�ld flood and the Iogs would be swept out a�l over the country. A loa could qet to a icnv sno�, drift out of the river� and end up in same �armer's fie3.d. �?rdinarily, mast af the prob3.ems assaciated with 7.og drives were down on the I.o�aer end of the rzver i.n the f3.at country hefoze the '�lillamettp River. '^he lovs that had landed in a fiel� had to be nulieu� back to the river channe�. tIn douht, the loqgers would have to pay a little da�:aae r+oney to the farmers. Yardznc logs acxoss a r^an`s field wouldn't help his £armina one bit. C� 61 � � i � � � i I I I i E � I I � ' The laqs progresse� down the river in spite of all the problems. Thp w�ole idea was to azrive fin�lly at the sxte of the £irst "boom" lacated at Tetherow (�ig. 35). rTaw, a boom is simbly �oas attached to a cable that is secured to trees or stumps on ei�her side of the river. Its purpose is to hald the loqs from the drive back until �hey are needed for raftinq. �here were three holdinq booms along tYie way. The first boom was oriainally at "A�aaters" jus� below Pedee at R� 29; however, a Iawsuit with a�an named Taylor forced the removal of that boom to "TEtherows" nea� Elkins, just �elow the m.outh of the Littie Luckiamute at R� 18. mhe second boom was located at P�t 3 and the third and final boom was situated at the mauth. �hat's how come--you see, we owned those booms there from the later years. ;•�e had a boom just below the farks af the Littie Luckiamute. Tiie aot everythina we had on the �rive in the boom. kTe checked the water, we wat�he� to seE t�at the water was iust right before we turned 'em {logs) loose. �ecause if we didn't, in abont 2 hours, th�re �aonld be loqs over the banks and out in th� �ieias 5o that was one thina we had tfl c�eck. �ow the water was raisina or fa3lin� or haw ha�d it was raininq, if it was raining, paurin� it back into the river. '.��ell, then, you had to use your judqement. Then we'd run 'em �own to th� (second) hoidinq dam 3 mi�es above the mouth. ':� en we would turn out what we wanted to raft into the low�r boom, ria�t in the mouth of the Lvckiamute.,.You'd dzdn't dar�, i� was accordina ta the weathez or the water whether you could have any more than two days in that lower boom. If vou crot a quick raise, it would 4eti so swift� tt��Ere they (loas) would qo ricrht under ithe baom) . You'd have to geL 'em rafted and aet 'em ou� of there. '"here could even be troubie at rhe r�out� of the Luckiamute:�' But you know, at t�ie mouth--one tir�e we aot stuck with ].oQs there. � think that was in the '20s, around 1920, the first year we had it. The water dro�ped and �ae was havina trou�le even crettirq them rafted sa we could qet them tio the mill. �n�' they turned t:�is �?am loose and the water, and that onl�,� raised it a foot at the *�outh. 52 Then the iocrs were raf�ed. P.afting loqs is the securina of the locrs tagether with cabZ�s to a2.Zaw thesn to be tow2d dawn the river by tuqboats or, in the case of the early days, by steamboats (Fiq. 39): I even saw 'em raf�. 'em before the steamboat. They ctsed to raft `e� down by hand. *Ranpower� four men, all you di3 was steer 'em. Oars on each end, and if you wanted to--naw, for instance, yau was coming down in a straiqht section of the river, and the river made a croak, you would swing the tail enc� af tha�. raft over with that upp�r oar, swinq that tail end clear over to the ban�c way above that point. Same way you did when yau was towing regular. You would swina that taa.l enc� just as far avex to the bank as you could get it. Some�imes you woulc3, if it was covered with willows, you could sl�ove that raft xight into those wf.11ows to slow her u�. Yo� had oars at both ends, the rafts would be about a 150 to 200,�00 feet. After that, they used steamboats, just one stearrr boat for raft though. The Cit of FuQene and the Gray Faa3.e awned by S�pau�ding, was what tawed rnost of 'em. t�ihen the drive itseif and the years of c�rivinq were over, what di� the lumberman think of that vocation? aed 5nyder the lum3�erjack was neqative: Oh, na, no. i was never on a locr drive. Knew a�out 'em though. They took pZace in the winter time ° Decem�er, January. I was already out of t?�e wdods by then, my, yes. Roads qot so bad, you know, couZdn't work, you'd sink to yoezr ears. Kno�a of one fella that c�rowned on one of those drives down tf�e Luckiamute. ")aired Kenworthey. Ya sure �?idn't want any part of tnat. Too wet. Too cold . But the :3river .`.ims�lf sang anot�er tune; I'd rather drive loc7s any time. Yau made a�ec3c af a Iot more money. Log driv�nq wasn't any *�ore danqeraus than workinq in the woods. There is one thina about the river, one thing, you're not wadinq throuqh all that �arush �nd climbina th�m steep si-�e- nills. E've done hoth, and I'd tak� the river any tzme. (Leland Prather) I wouldn't say you mac3e more money at laa drivina, rt t more the idea that yau were �ushing the Ioqs to market. "'.y who].e f3I1`lZf :O�S ��1TS�Y rats' � �3;;3::�•� r'0�3 � t}]dw�� W?:u* �:':�l calle� log drivers. ATy dad was a river c3river and alI sQVen of r.±y uncles was �rivers. They c�XOVe on the Kennebec River and rhe Per.qhscat� and the Allagash. (Lawrence F, Davis) 63 „ . � � . � t � � . C . . ' . � • � s . : - . < . . p , £ ' , � . ' • ��.� . .�� . ",� - , . ,� . . ;, , ; �:� • , • � - . . � � .. .. . t ,� � , . -, ; : , � � _ . �'� � ��� - ' �� , .� � �. �� ,� �=__ � � .� - . t . .._ = Y;1. --: - . �f�1' ' � '��3 =`� illq�!+.^ , • � . 7 - ._�' ,� �� . i, � y r` �„ � .� s ,.. � .,, q°A. :f . � • � ` i ._ ' .,a, A '-� - - � _ - � � } � • �' ! f '. i.. • , � - ' —� ar„ _ � � �1 • � t � .'.;�# � "�i� ' _ � : � � - � - � � •��- � � � � .0 � � �— .. -.. � .. �1 . ��. ' �� -s . .. _ . . .�,� � � Y� � � . ! �`�' � . � , . ��4 • �' • b ... . ._�__ Y. ' ` �. • �-� �' • i �'.Y. , f .'[o� ���� � � , � . � � -'. �� f q � �t �.` � , i . -� � E � _ � '-.'!�:.. t' r s ��p: . � �. ¢ �, rv A � � � . . � >� .� �� • � � - '� � - '��' i ` , i . � � M� � ,� � �.. ""^�� �. � � �y - . i � . �. �' �. � . � �' � � i _ y � t i R . ��` , # ,, Y,w- � ' � ��� : � � k l �s � � # � � j �� } � : T �, j �,'�, �;� . } �: � ; �s�s � ` �� .� ,�� � � � �. �� � i� � � ? � F t � � � '� �� �.�� �� � f � . � 4. . l ` p. �. � 3 Y , 5,- �� .�..�;� . - � � 'R: �t l (.i � �._ � . � . . .. �.� .. .� r i� - S . . . . � - �y.. ;i� � z . . � � ' f r _,_ ir .�` � � �' � �y�' ld.'� �.. � , � .�. -_ � �a r it- ' a ,.�' � .. �� , '� � ��w�� f"�.- .�.�. .. �I �•�. r . � - .� '' . . ' Aj9 -'. a .. _ P�_�� . t.f So�e of those fellows just 3ik�d that job. The pay was better than the average 3oQger because there was m.ore danqers. There *�as no way a man could keep �xy on the job �ecause he either fell in or go� water splashed an him. It was not a job for sissies or peo�le who Ziked to be co�fortah�e in their work. {Pete Frantz} Spauldin 's Last Years on the Luckiamu�e Locr driving on the Luckiamnte was an annual event from I900 to 1914 when Sitr.psan and Spauldinq began to have trouble with the Iocal Iandaraners and the Valley and Siletz Railroad. Farmers believed that splash dam driving from 5eekay dam was causina permanent loss of their lands and sought ta stop the practice. In the event it was a grist mi31 cywner in Kings Va�ley who �rought s�it, Logan v 5imnson and 5�auldina, in Polk County Circuit Court to stop the practice and the defendants were ordered to: refrain from abnozmally or artificiaiZy increasinq the flow of water in the south fork af the Luckiamute River, and from suddenly or at once re�easina the water or any considerable portion of the water in either of the �ams aforesaid, and from drivina the saw loqs oF the defendant down the south fork of the �uckiamut� Rxver, excegt under the norma.l and natural fiaw af the water therein. As indicated in the reminiscences of Leland Prather, the Valley and Siletz Rai.l- road had built the s�iers of their trestles in the middZe of the river which inevitably caused the drives to collide with them. Their suit to stop the use of 5eekay dam coincided wi.th that of Loqan at PoZk Caunty Circuit Court. �n Valley & SileGz Railroad Comnanv v Sis^,pson Loqqina �'ompany t�^.e caurt made the fallowing findina of £act: �hat the arti£icial floods created by the defendant...have raised the water in the said strear� �ram �wo to three feet above its noxznal stage at naints as far as £ourteen r�iles lae�ow th� dam. That the sai� artificial floocls have c?am- aged the 3ands and have interfered with the ].awfu� accvp- ations of divers and sundry persons Iivirtg and conducting business along the banks of the said rivez below the said dam. That durinq the winter of �9�3 and 19i4 a laroe quantity of loqs were released by t�e defendant from the 65 da� aforesaid on artificiai water, and were carried down the south foXk of the Luck�a�ute River to a noint where a bridqe af the plaintiff, knawn as "Hastings Bridge", crosses the said stream, and the said logs jammed at the said point in tih� south fork of the Luckiamute Rivex and threa�ened the safety of the said hridqe, and would have car�ied the same o�t but £ar the exertfons put forth by plaint�ff and by the defendant to break the sai� jam and take the said logs furthar down the said river..... When Iogs are so run in the sa�� rivez (they] endanqer the �ive bridqes of the plaintiff above zeferred to, and will in time �estroy one or more of the sai� bridges to the damage af �he plaintiff in the sum of at Zeast $17,000.00, and to the interruptian as we�l o� oiaintif£'s work in the construction, maintenance and operation of its railway line. To Simpsan and Sg�ulding's benefit the court aZso found as a matter of fact �hat, "The south fork of �he Luckiamute piver �s a stream naviga3ale £or the ��oatage of �ogs on natural water for a num3�er of periods in the wintex seas�n of an averaqe year," but the defendaats arere aaain en�oir.ed from splashinq loqs on the rzver. Simpson and Spaulding bent before this onslaught, one of the purgoses of whi�h was to forc2 them tio use the services of the railway. They put un a $5,Q00 bond required �y the court aaainst splashing the river but nroceede� ta dxive on its natural flows. R year after this decision, the Tisnber�an cauld report that the Charles Spauldina Logging Company had �ade a drive of 6�illion feet on the Luckiamut� an a natnral freshet, the £irst time they had driven the river on naturai waters. The r.ext logginQ season the journaZ also reported that they had aotten �ut their Ioas on the Luckia�ute. �t was in these drives that Leland Prather beqan log drivina for Spaul�inq under their foreman, Jim Day, so his drivinq exn�rience post�ated the lawsuits and were �ane on natural flows 68 of the river. Spau�ding was the first operator to take advantaqe of the �Lsen Logaing �i21 of 1917 which allawed the Pub�ic Servxce Commission to qrant hooming franchises on the rivers of Oreqon. Spaulding's franchise Pxtended from �iver Mile 51 to P.iver Mile 5 and include� the two �ams a� R�ver Mi3es 49.7 and 46. Loaan unsuccessfully tried ta nrevent the arant of the �ranc�ise �r�hich accvrred on 66 So 5QauZdina continu�d to drive the Luckiamute. Iti was in the latter years that the recorded £atalities on Luckiamute drives accurred: Louie �T�inert in 1920, Kenworthy in 1923, an� �o�vin on another drive.�� "One year we went through there with 5(iog arivers]. A auy c�rowned and c•re aamn near aIl auit."� Lawres�ce E. �avis, whose fami�y maved �ra�tt Fairfieid, yaine, where they had been log drivers, to Airlie in 1913 and there beaan sawmilling anc� log drivina on the Luckiamute, recalls that he narticipated in his first drive durfnq 1922.� �.'hat year the Zocal �armers wrote ta the Public Sezvice Commission nrotestina that 5pauldinq planned ta ase his splash dam in thi5 drive. �� one af the latter drives the lnnaest logs to ga dawn the river came out, 50 footers were taken out to fill a s�eciai order.�� At Iast, hawever, Spaulding came to terms with the Valley & Siletz Railroad to take aut his l.ogs (Fia, 40). Leland Prather statec3 that ne and h�.s father took part in Spaulding's last drive on the Luckiamute in.the season I924-25. The £allawing year the comoar�y went in to salvaqe Iocrs Ieft on the strear�, and that was the end. In I929 they surrenc3ered their booming franchise back to the Public Service Commission. Fn �heir testimony durina the hearing for that purpose C. K. Spauldinq recalled the histary of their franchise:� B�:fore thi.s franchise was qranted, we had nsed the river �or many years...for the floa�inq of loas, 4'e expected to continee, an� when tnis law was passed of course it became incumbent upon tis tc pratect the riqhts whzch we had had, the use 4*hich 4re had heen mak�,na of the river, and wE took out the £ranchise. Conditions have come about since then tl�at with the rai3road in nohadv wants to send loas by a�ater. T�Te have totally ceased to use the river for the purpose of ta3cina out our logs or anyone e�.se's. Tr?e haven't had a d�mand fat sa many ye�r� tnat 2 c�n't teii you when, from anyone, to do any work under this franchise for others.....Any matter of income that shows in these reports is from ourselves on�,y.....The last time that we drove Lhe river T believe we had innumerable complaints alonq the 3ine.....�rTe have had a num�er of lawsuits staz�ted, and frank].y, qentiemer�, we �vould not dare now to start to use the river. The next year the company was braken by the Great �epression. 68 :, - , �ura '°'�;' # � F .«.i . ��� � . � � , � . �:� . .� m� ,� •y.� � 'y. �� ��-:� ��� � e� -�� . � i , - ."4 '' ���;� �. � � r e l . � v �.� t " � - � 0 � �, a� .� �� �� 0 �� . .� � � � ��� .� � �= !ll •rl -} c� � �: O st1 U ' ' I � ri r�fk � � � � �'s' ;��,� U �1 �''� ��� , " � � U] .. , .. tiD 3 �" ' i � t'. W O ' ���. � •rF O A q � i� ��- ' � � v � " �� � ,�: VS cU �'` � O+�Q � � � � ,� O � � t�I O � � � .� R� Q] O � � � U 69 Final Drives on the Luckia�ut� The Bepression which proved fatal to Charles K. 5pauldina Loctginq Company encouraged s�aller loggina operators to continue to use the cheap transport provided by some of �reqon's rivers. They also exploited �are sneczal�zed markats which cantfnued in the stagnated economy. On the Luckiamut� this includ- e� the �oaqing of hardwoods alanq the lawer valiey oortian of the river for a Portland furniture �anufacturer and white fir for the oreQan ri�y pulp �ills (Figs. 4I-46}:� Dad (E8 Prather) and I vwned that �oom, and we logged a Zot ot magle and white y3r. Dad and I, in '29, we cut timber clear to Lewisville {Maple Grove}. The mapie went ta Doernbeckers and the white fir went to Oreqon Pulp and Paper Mill. That drive was better �han 3 millian and that wa� the Iast drive of any size that ever came out of there. t:e Iogged it in '29, we didn't qet any water until February to drive it. After 193D, I and 4 ar 5 other fellaws drove but not in any such an a�ount as that. �?e probably had about 500 to �Qa,OflO and we did �hat every year until 1938. The only other person drivina then was a fellow natsEed Christenso�. "'he Christenson brothers. They loqaed and drove �bout a half a mf�lion from 3ust above Pedee in 1937. In 1938, Dad and I ran the last loq dr�ve down the Luckiamute. I t�rned the boom at the mouth loose in 1940. I just cut the cables on her and let her go. Thus nea�ly a century of locr drivinq on the Lucki�mute ende�. A reasonabie minimum �s�imate is that over 300 �r�iZlion b�ard feet of loas came �3own this smal� river. A.t 2,000 feet oer log this would be over i50,0�0 loas or the Ioad of 60,00� logging trucks. In turn these aze the eqt�,zvaient of 25,0�}0 single-family dwellinqs. 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M � .T � � 4 �; g ��#�`C�^ i� $¢- a�y�',+ '�t . � �• .� F y � ^ �� & �' Y i, y � � £ . . . S � � � ��� � � � � � � � � � � � � � �' S � E ����� -. q F :. y. ,... � �.L}..�,� �Y. K � "{ , '��� �� �. d. y�2 ;, s ... � � ,�� y � �.z ' � an � „ k'�`p$3� .. N � }';� Y �.t\ Y ' � � �°� "'c4�: �� "��' .. � � � � ' . � �� ��� . �!_�� � p Y' _ �,�4 . `' � ��rk�� .� "�k � �* x �� &� � � �� - . . '�' '" �. � $ `'Y� �-! ,°' £`� � � t � ��� '� ' ��?.�" ��f�'`'�t ��� s 4 . �� ` ��r" r°'�, `� y'i= `� �. ' F'tr �+- :. ��'��`'� . _; _ �,, ,�. � ���. ..... t g � � � - � ��� ���� � �.�.. � y' t' � ,��.�,� � � ,_� � ��- �����`�"v��k � � 4 � � i0 °� ��a �°��.;�_ . x,. + � ,.,t Y'r - ,,,��� ��'�� #��� �$ .. .�£:` � �' ^�.� �� � �i°5 �n.a� a °: � � '-..�, '. �' : � `4` <: �,� 76 If I had it to do all aver, 2'd drive logs again. Yes� I would. I think any guy would if he had any pep at all. Another thing, it was more money. It was like any other �ob, there's bad days and there's good ones. Yes, I think if I was workina out there in the river today, I'd still wade out there the same as I did, even if it was the last breath I ever drew. The�e was someth�ng c3ifferent every minut�, it was never Lhe sante. Lats of �obs, 3.t was the same thin_q every day, but I.oq drfvi,ng it was dif�erent-- every minute of the day. Lots of people said, 'I don't knaw how you stand �t---that rcugh weather--' but that weather ain't half as bad out there as i� is sitting in the hause laoking aut at it. Another thing you coula, in those days, you could buy clothes that wvulfl take care nf that, anc3 that's somethi.nq you can't do today. Log dri.ving wasn't any more �angerous than working in the woods, no, it wasn'C. �f yatt grew up in it, it's Iike any othe�c job that you da, You don't pay any attentian to the danger part. Ycu pay attentian to what you do. It comes natural for some quys, sarne guys it don't. There`s some guys that cauld never Iearn to ride a ing. I had a brather, he could stand on �he biggest log in the world and make it rol�,. I usec3 to te�.l him that he was round-footed. There is just a knack to it. It's li.ke oid Archie Kimsey said to me, ''This old arthritis is bothering me so bad so�etimas I think I woulda't do it again--bat you know as we11 as I that I would.' • 77 LUCiCIAM[3TE RIVER 'Lf� DF2IVFRS J. A. "Jack" Psescott & Veness Dave, Phy and Faine Sitnpsan M. N., Ed, and Jim Prather Sutters N!ike and Billy McLaughlin F. A. Tayl.or Frec3 and Grant Halt Abe and L. Parter flick and Don Siddal Sob Phillips �'rank aeadman Tom AZlen Archie Kerber Jim Jay Fred Ritner Dutch Copeland Shorty rlytrfan Curlep f?ar�an Arthur, Henry and F•{yron �aker S. C. Clevelancl �'red stump E. G. �iarris Fred ��h^sto.^. � ina�o n s Godvin Louie �•leinert Kenworthy �awrence r. Davis A.rchie Kimsey Le�and Prather OTHER ?1AVIGATIOPd The L[�ckiamute l�ike other rivers r�urinq the pioneer period had ferries established at various strateeric crossinas:� '?'wo miles ta the west of Auena Vista was Hloominqton. "'here in 1847 harrison Linvi�le had taken a land claim and huilt a large log house and othez buiidinqs, where he enrxaqed in farm- ing, stock raisina and st�re 1ce�ping. The movements of zncom- ing sattlers �ere such that he iaas soon pzofitably operating a Ferry across the Luckiamute xiver. in the '�orties the main road between Postland and California, through the Willar+ette Va1Zey, crosse� the Luckiamute at Linvilie's Ferry. In addition to the emiqrant trade, in I848-50, were many gaZd-seekers qoing �o and from the �nines in California. � few years later, soldiers qoing and retuxning from k'arts Hoskins and Yamhill crossed by the ferry at Bloo�nington, which was narrsed as a nost office in 1853. From the r.tid-nineteenth to the early twentieth c�ntury, ferr�es continued to operate on the Luckiamute. Three of the more oopu�aX ferrfes were the Linville Ferry )�ocated at Parker, established in the �840s and also known as the Bloam- ingtan Ferry (Fig. 6} the LewisvilZe Ferry, presently *�ta�Ie Grove, at apnrox- imately River :�ile 24 {�ig. 4} and �he Davir3son �'erry where Davidson Bridge is now Zocated b rniles abave the river's mauth. Shippina was actually attempted on the lower Luckiair�ute. As �he story qoes. in 1878 a man named Capt. J. L. Smith had a stern-wheei st�amer btiilt and launch- ed in Port�and. It was named the Luckiamute Chief. �f cheap canstruction, it was less than 100 feet lonq narrow and of s�?all�w �raft. She was �lace� on the Luckiamute and as�end�d 18 miles up the river, but ear3.y a.n J.879 the vessel 30 was abandoned. That the po�ential head of vessei naviaation was the mouth o� the Little Luckiamute is borne oat ry a story to�d hy Leland Prather: I had an uncle (Otis Coleman) that was a mate on these [river] boats £or years. F?e was a boat tramp.....He told r�e about a trip up the Luckiamute on a hoat, a little steamhoat they hac3. Anyway, �hey ?�ad a heck of a time---trees, snacrs, and the Iike. Said it tootc 'em about 3 days to r�ake Lhe trip. They made it up 78 to the �outh of the Little Luckiamute and iaaded with arain and Iumber. That was for a mill, the sawmill. A rnsy by the name of Stronq had built that, he was the forerunner of the Corvallis Lutnber Company which tihe t•�illamette �TalZey I.umber Company later �ought out. � believe he told �ne they quit tha� and taok the little steamboat down to the Pudding River . Dnring the log drfvinq era, the Luckiamute was kapt tree fram debris anc3 snags and there are notices of private rowboats operatinq, especia�.ly on the Zow2r river during that periad. Since than, however, the more sluqaish section of the river (RM 2Q to the mouth) has c3eveloped numerous debris �ams as well as si:nkers or snags which prevent any serious recreational baating. Conver- sations wit�h Iocal sesidents and the district fish bi.ologis� of the i]epartmen� of Fish anc3 wi�dlife confirm that only an occasional canoe or Jon boat is used an the river at the present time. Cb1VC LUS ION Beainning in the i85Q's the Luckiamute beaan to be used as a highway £or commerce by settlers in the area. It was not a river on which stearni�oats coui8 operate, but Ioqs were flaated down to the VanPeer sawmill at Hoskins. Later *�e beqinning of lpe dr;ving on �he �ig Luckiamnte wouYd be datec� te I885, but this referred �to c�rives of logs, initially about 2 million board feet per year, which were destined ta go c3own the Luckiamute and the Willamette to �nil].s at Salem, Newberg and Oreqon City. The early drives were conducted wittt the natural wi.ntex ri.se a� water in the river, but `rom 1900-14 the C. K. Spaulding and Sisnpson �rathers laggiag campanies conducted �assive drives-up to 20 million board £eet in one year--with th� aid af large permanent splash dams near the head- waters of the river. As the results of lawsuits in I914 5pau3.ding reverted to dri.ves with the naturaZ flows o£ the river untiZ he stopped driving in 1925-25. In the early 1930's th ere were some findl larqe scale Zoq drives conduGted with 79 the r:atura3. flow of the river on the lower Luckiamute. This histoxy of com�ercial navigation with regularly recurza.ng na'tural high water from t.he �850s to 190� arad 1914 to 1938 are the basis for i State of Oregon's c�aim to the bed of the Big Luckia�ut� �xotn River 1�SiZe 40 above Hoskins to the mouth of the Luckiamu�e in the �Tillamett.e River. :r FOOTNQTES �. U. S. Corgs of Enaineers, Luckiamute �iver Basin (Z976). 2. U. S. Corps af Engineers, Flood Plain Information, Wfllamette River and mributaries in F�arion and Polk Counties {196B), [►ol. I, p. 45. 3. [Oregon] 5tate �Tater Resources Board, td�ddle Willamette River Aasin (Salem, 1983), p. 3. 4. U. S. Geoioctical Survey, Water Resources Data for Orevon, 1978, �Tater Data Report OR-78-1 (Por�land, �979), pp. 368-69. 5. Water P.esources Soard, �fap Ne. 2.6, °uTiilantette Drainaqe Basin" (Z9F4) from which ?tiver `3i1es used in thzs report are taken. 6. F�aod P1ain Informatinn, np. �6-�7. 7. U. S. Census, driginal �teturns {June 1879}, 5pec3al Scheduie of 'tanufactures 3, "Lumber �1ills and Sawmili," Polk County, �±onmouth and �riclgeport Precincts, Oregon State Library Microfilm 28-48, State L�.brary, Salem. 8. The Ti.m�erman, 17:10 EAug i916), p. 5Z. 9. James Farnel3., Division of State Lands, interview with Leland Prather, Suena Vista, 10 Dec 1980; !]ivision of State Lands staff intervisw with Leland Prather, 15 Sep i976, pp. 13-14. 10. Polk County Commissioners Journal, i�!ay 1901, PoZk County Courthouse, Dallas; col�xmbia Fivar and Oregon '�imberman, 2:7 (May 190Z?, p. 25. 11. Polk County Circuit Court Case r7o. 324£, "Request for Injunction, October 7.9Q1." Polk Caunty Caurthouse. 12. Ibid., Case Nos. 3475, 3563, 3642; Po1k County �!echanics Liens, Vol. 1& 2, p. 198; VaI. 3, pp, 165-72, Polk County Courthouse; DAR, PaZk County Pioneer Sketches, p. 1d5; Polk County Centenr�ial Committee, 1Q� Years in Polk County {ballas, 1947}, p. 87, 13. Lay "Red" 5ny�er Testir�ony for Divisian of State Lands, 1977. 24. WPA Historical F.ecords Eurvey, Benton County, "Interviews - R. Y. Franz," �regon State Lihrary, Galem and Ynventory of the County �rchives of �reaon: nTO. 2, Benton Count {pprtland, 1942), n. �-�7; 186� Census of `�anufactures, Schedule S, �enton County, �regon State Library '4icrofilm 25--47, State LS.brary; Carvallis Gazette, Ben�on Co. OraQOn (I883), p. 23; !?ivision of �tate Lands P�at Eook *Io. 399, T IO S P, 6 5�7. 5ee also t?illiam A. Aawen, "_'he ulil�amette Valley, '�igratian and Settiemer.t on the c�reqan �'rontier (Seattie: University of Washinqton Press, 1978), gp. 62-63. 1.5. k'. C. "Pete" Frant�, mir.�ber L'D the Luckiamute (1976), n. d. 16. 1880 Cansus of Manufactures, Schedule 3, Benton County, Kinas Valley Precinct. i7. Evadna Prather Testirnony £or Division af State Lands, 1977. Mansnauth Polk County Observer 29 Jan 1889. 18. Independence west 5ide 21 Jan i890; 3Q Jan, 2� r�ar �891. 19. �ivision o£ State Lands Piat Book No. 399. 20. Independence West 5ide for dat�s �iven exceflt tor the 2� hTarch �895 item from the Independence Enterprise. 21. Lena Belle Tartar. Chronicles £rom Peciee, Oreqon (CorvaZlis: Continuinq Education Books. OSLT, 1974). pP. 95�9�. 22. Independence Enterprise, I$ Apr 1895; James Farneli interview with Leiand Prather, 10 Dec Z980. 23. Pacific Coast Wooc3 & Yran 23:1 (Jan 1890}, p. I7R; 15:1 (Jan 1891), p. 23. 24. Items with daily dates from Independence [�Jest SidE except F hTOV �902 �rom Independence Ente�r r�ise; monthiy dates from Columbia R.iver and Oreqon Timberman and see ibid 1:8 (June 1900y, p. 17. Far �onco's mill see Tartar, Chronicie p. 97. 25. Divis�on of State Lands staff interview with Leland Prather, pp. e-9; Steven nioser interview with Leland Prather at Camp Walker, 1 nct I976, p. 10; Lawrence E. Davis Tes�imony for Division of State Lands, 1977. 2b. Colum�ia F.iver and t?regon Timbezman, 3:5 (Mar Z902), p. 27. 27. First item and August Z900 from Pacific Coas� �]ood & Iron 34:1, p. 15, 34:2, g. 66; alI others from Columbia ??iver and Oreuon Timiaerman, 1:8, p. ].8; 1:1Z, p• �0; 2:2, p. 6; 3:8. P• 7; 3:10, p. f�; p. 9; 5:4, n. 13: 5:1d, p. 3�; 6:6, p. 28; 6:10, p. 40A; 7:2. P. 48; 7:B, p. 408; 9:5, P• 240. 28. 42 �R 394; Brief of Apnellant, np. �-2; Pespondent's Brief, pp. 2-3. 29. Palk Caunty Circuit Court Case No. 4585, "Gomp2aint". 30. Dee and Dow 5imgsan Testimony for Division of State Lands, 1877. 3I. i,eland Prather Testimony, 1977. 32. Ibid , and L%ee anc3 Uaw Si.mpson I`estimony. 33. Polk County Circuit Gour� Case *10. 4584, "Complaint". 34. Lawrence E. Davis Tes�imony; Po2k County CirCUit Court C'ase "70. 4559, "Compiaint". 35. Red Sny�er Testimony, and Division of State Lands staff interview with Leland Prather, p. 9. 36. Palk County Circui� Court Case �o. 4584, "Camp�aint". 37. Leland Prath�r Testimony; The Timberman, 10:4 (Feb I909}, p, 328, 38. Red Snyder Testir.�ony. 39 . Ib id . 40. Polk County Mechanics Lien Book 3, p. 304 and see p. 299. 41. Leland Prather Testfmony. 42. Division of State Lands interview with Le�an� Prather, p. S; Steven Moser interview with Leland Prather, p. 2. 43. Lawrence E. Davis Testimony. 44. Leland Prather Testi.mony. 45. Steven Moser interview with LeZand Prather, p. 3. 46. Lawrence E. Davis Testimony. 47. Leland Prather Testimony. 48. Lawrence E. Davis Testimony; Divfsion df State Lands staff interview with leland Prather, pp. 7, 10, II. 49. Ibid. , pp. 7, Zfl, 42--43 and sea p. !?. S0. Steven !tioser interview with Leland Pxather, o. 13. 51. Lawrence E. Davis Testimony. 52. Frantz, Timber p. 10. 53. Divfsion of State Lands staff intezview with Leland Prather, p. 43. S4. Ibid., �up. 16-17; Leland Prather, "Loaginq" {�rpescript, 1975y. 55. Division of State Lanr�s staff interview with LeZand Prather, p. �8. 56. Lelan� Pra�he� and Lawrence E. Davis Testimonies. 57. Archie Kimsey Testimony for Divisian of State Lanc3� 1g77, 58. Frantz, Timber pp. 10-Z�. 59. �eland Prather, "Lo«ging"; Le�.and Prather Testir:�ony. E0. Steven Moser inte�view wit?� i.eland Prather, p. 4. b1. Leland Prather Testimony. 62. Red 5nyder Testimcny. 53. Leland Prather and Lawrence E. Davis Testimonies; Frantz, mimher, p. 10. 6�. PoZk County Circc�it Count Case �to. 4584, "Order". 65. Ibid Case No. 4559. "Findinq and Concl�sion". 66 . �b id . 67. The 'Ti.*�berman 17:2 (Dec 1925), P• a8; I7:3 {�an I9i6). P. 32�; Z7:9 iJuly 1916) p. 52. 6B. Steven Moser interview with Leland Prather, p. 8. 69. t•iss RGP-12, 69A-18, 2tem Z, File L�-F-1, Oreaon state Archives, Salemn and see �'he Timherman 19:9 (July 1918}, .p. 2S; 20:1 {Nov 1918�, p. 48. 70. Prather, "Logginq"; Division of State Lands staff interview with Leland Prather, p. I7; Lawrence E. Davis Testir�ony. 71. Steven r:oser interview with LeZand Prather, p. 1�. 72. Lawrence E. Davis Tastimony. 73. Fi1e L-F-1, State Archives. 74. Azvision of State Lands staff intezview with LEland Prather, P. 15. 75. Sames Farnell interview with Lel.and Prather, 10 Dec 1960; Lawrence E. �avis Testimany; File L-F-1, Stiate ArchS.ves. 76. LeZand Prather Testimony, and see Fxantz, Tir.�ber, p. 11. 77. Stumpage value ($550 per I000 board feet} f�am Everett �!unt ;!�regon State) Forestry, 27 Jan �98i. 78. Howard ".. Corning, °Ghost Towns on the 4?illamette," Oreaon �istorical �Juarterly 48:2 (2947), p. 56. 79. Leland Prather Testimany. 80. K. F�1. ?�acDuffee, ?3avigation Upper Willamette Pi.ver (Portland: U. S. Engineers, 1940), p. 33; ?u!arion County *�echanic Lien Baok I, p. 187, Sta�e P.rchives. 81. Division of Stat� Lands sta�f interview with Lelanr� Prather, p, afi. 82. Independence 5�est Sir?e nassim infvrm.atian from Department of f ash and Wi�dlife. 1577.