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Mohawk River FarnellMOHAWK RIVER �AVIGABILITY STUDY BY James E. FarnelZ, Ph.D. Research Rnalyst III DIVISION OF 5TATE LANDS Sa1em, Oregon JUNE, 19$1 �NTRODUCTIpN under the EquaZ Footing c�ause of the Oregon Admissions Act, the United States Government transferred ownership af the beds of al� navigabl� wat�r- ways to the State of Oregon in 1859. At the time of th�s report, th� fu�l extent of dregon's ownezshig is unknown. Th� present dev�Iopmen� trends along our wateriaays make it apparent that the lncatian of the State/pr�vate boundar�es is of extreme importance. TY�e I973 Legislature recaqnized this and passed ORS 274.029-034. This Iaw directs the Division of State Lands to make a study pf all bregon's wate�ways and ta make Qublic their findings. The Division of State Lands earlier issued (�976) a navigabi�ity report on the McKenzie F2iver. This report covers that river's large lower �ributary, Mohawk River, mhe stream ob�ained its name in 1847 when the early settler 3acob C. 5poxes said the valley of river remind�d him of the Mohawk in his native New Xork State. The researcher used the facilitfes of the following insti�utions in developing materiaZ for this report: Or�gon 5tate Archives Oregon State Library University of dregon �,ibrary dregon Histarical Society Lane County Caurthouse Sp�cia� thanks are du� ta the L�n� County Muse�n for use of nhotographs from their collection. Thanks to thEir col�ection of H. R. Rr�ss photographs in pazticular, the Mahawk drives probably hav� th� best pictorial record of any str�am in Or�gan. Cover design,: Todd Abrams scaling log at Mohawk River rol3.way. �r-t� ��,szrr The basin of the ��lohawk is north and east of Springfield (Fig. I.). In i�.s lower 15 miles the river has a rela�ively lo�a gradien� and meanders through th� alluvzal soil of an agricultural valley (Fig. 3a). From River Mile I5 to 25 its gradient becomes mare moderate as it desc�nds from the foothi.11s of the Cascades. The primary econom�.c activi�ies of the basin are agriculture in the lo��er valley' and timber proc�uction in the uplands. This balance has been a consistent pattern since the va�ley's settl�meant. St�eamflaw r�cords hav� been kept since 1935 a� River Mile �.59 near �he � Mohawk-t•1cKenzie Granc�e Bridqe {Fig. 3b) .� The average discharge has l�een 538 cubic fee�. per second with a r.taximum c�iseharqe of 13,000 cubic fee� n�r second and a low of o.7_ cubic feet per second with peak discharges in �he months Decenber thrnug� Pnarch (Fig. 2). � AVERAGE MONTHLY DISCHARGE MOHAWK RlVER NEAR SPRlNGFIELD � � U � � c� ac a z U C!3 A w co a � w > a OC7 � NOV I DEC � JAN � FEB � NfAR a APR I MAY 1 JUN � JElL AUG SEP D�VISION OF STAT� LANDS, MAY 1981 ��oo i936 — i952 izoo .. . . . :.:.:.:.,:.; :.:.»:.:.:.:.: :. i aoa ....�.�.�.�..�.�.�.�.�.�....... eao 600 .:.:.:. . . . : . . . . .......... . . . .,.. .-.�. . aoo ...:, : �. :`:... :. :: � � � �� : � .. .. :... �. ...: ::..':'.::::::::: �������� � � �.�.�.�.•.�. � oo :�:� : : �:�:�: . .. . . . . .... .�,�.�. • : . . .�. .� . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . .. . . . 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' . . � � �'�� r ~ NAVIGABILITY Commercial use of the Mohawk River was exclusively log driving. �or�an and Warthl.ey had a sawmil.l at the confluence of Mill Creek and �he Mohawk during th� summer of J.879 a� which time they reparted to the census takers that their �.oqs were obtained 4n Mill Creek. In 1883 there were three sawmills in the Mohawk valley; seven years �ater Oscar Parsans stated that h� had logged on the Mohawk for that �ength of time, so driving of the river itself was probably taking place by �ha� date.� ��XPlicit re�erence to a drive vn the river came in the first week of t�arch 1885, when "MOhawk Logging Company had their lags running between Ware drift and Charles Hardes�y's" {RM 8.5).� On December 21, 1885 a new sawmill started up and during the same week "Miil Creek" reported to �,he Eugene City Guard that Mr. wilson was driving logs down the Niohawk. On January 16, 1886, "Mohawk" reported that "Mr. Wilson has his run of logs boomed just ak�ove the Mohawk mill. He made a success of the enterprise."� Larger dra.ves were undertaken on the river during the season 1887-88, but as 9 "Mabel" reported in mid-March, 3.888 {Fi.g, 4) : �'he loggers on fihe I�ohawk are cansid��ak�lg �isc�tzx'a�e� o;� acco�nt of the dry winter, as there is not water enough in the stream to float their ti.mbar, but they were too late in getting tt►�xn in. There was plenty of water at one time during the winter if they had been �eady for i*. N!r. Sm.ith has� per?�aps a mil�inn feet down far enough so they can be taken out, and I understand he ;s goinq to work on them this week; they go to Mr. Goadale at Coburg, Craw�ord & Fuller have several hundred thousand feet in the stream, also Messrs. �ni�beck, 5triker and Smi�.h have qui�.e a lot they wili not be lik�Iy to be got out this sprinq. The water level in �he Mohawk did not impx'ove during tk�e next season and things became so bad thati one newspaper jibed that the whole Eugene legal fraternity was occupied sorting out claims to log ownersha.p in the Mohawk. The problems in dri.ving the river during 1687-1890 did indeed generate more lawsuits than attended any other log driving effort an th� state's histoxy. 4 � , '"1. � �� �' �� �� i'; t ��� v � ' • t ►r ±� '.� ��� - F �� - , � �. � �.-^' 1 __�+ r .. :'` y �' , ��� - .' +�.' , • _ � . '. . `' • ..r �i �'� "r��/.��� +'•�` V1� '� �-� �• �;:�'LY-� _ �' � ,"� : � V . : ." ' # �+."�-'�� y ,r,�, 'i r � . , . � �t a 7 �.-_t •.� +i' a. ^ t ' ��`� «1.S-. ; ,� ��.i � ' ; 1 ,c ' �y. '; �- �.•�_ - �1• ���M�T� i •+ . , ' .. �• -* . �]t-�F�� � ,� ., "� '* "'�tiL _�� � � � � ��' r '�' � ! .� � �.L.�,�CJ l� � � ; �' , � � ������ � , � � + � � � 1 4 � . . � �• � �.. � � ! ��� � . r �^ '�� 11s. r • �1 ���Y;�, �r � � � f � r � � � �! 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'�� _� '•.# •' •�'�' _ + � y g p F � ' . f F �#_., ' :�'. *}; �A. " , ...,�., r_6- ± . '! ♦ 7 �}}y.. • � � � `�.. . -. � . �. _•�' s �� �:~ rt `� � k } -,,� � w- � . � - �► • �,,� ;F,� •,� �.� -'� , y �i�a.�� '.4'�.tiF .�i_ �! � . +_ � -: , � � - . . .�Y .� � �i +�� �l �Y ' LY .v� �� .. +� � � ' "�.��. .r � '� �. . ,� �: •� w k #'� � . `,f.+�` ��? :7 � r' ,; � . . ' � � .. ^ ,!9 �� � ; ' ;d` • 'a'"� . . .. . Tn April 18$9, after another winter of Iow water, George C. Whitbeck and Crawfoxd & Fuller cantracted with fifteen �og drivers headed by Jeff Harold and including J, H. S�riker and Oscar Parsons �o flush about 900,000 feet af their logs out with dams from a point ten miles above the river's mouth. They were to be run with 4 million feet of �ogs o� J. H. Striker, J. D. Harold and Oscar Parsons because the Mohawk was a stream with a narrow channel and "it was �mpossib�e to run and driv� said logs down said s�ream in any other manner than all together." Whitb�ck, Crawfard and Fuller - then �old �he partners not to rt�n thei� logs; but if all the logs were not run quick�y the water in the Mohawk, which was characterized as "a public highway and navigable s�ream for the purpose af running saw-logs to market," wou�d become too 1ow to run during �he summer, even wi�h flush dams. Tf Defendants are restrained from running said logs down said stream imm�diately said logs will have to remain in said stream tan�il the rise of said stream ca�sed by the �all and winter rains, then on account of the nat�re o� said stream, the amount of water that will be in said stream at said time it will �e impossible to con�rol said logs and ttze result will be almost a total loss of said logs. They further ran the risk of burning during summer slash fires�� The dire results predicted by the defendants in this suit were more than realized in the floods of 1890. The river was gorged with three seasons' massive cut of logs when they were alZ swept down by the inundating rains: Logs Lost wednesday znorning at 3 o'clock the boom at the mauth of �he Mohawk river bro�e allowing 6 millian f�et o� �ogs in�o the McKenzie. Hal� the Zogs had been in the river from the winter before when there was nat enough water to get them out. Je£f Wall's r�n of 350,OOb feet had come in just before it brake. There has been much litigation over these logs and now there will be more. �he Iogs were int�nded fo� Matlock & Smith's mill four miles northeast of Eugene on the McKenzie; J. C. Gaodale's mill at Coburg; Garrison & McDonald's miZl, Harrisburg, and Max Friendly's mill at Corvallis. � Anather picture of the mayhem which resulted can be discexned in the opinion of th� 4regon 5upreme Court in Hadson v Goodale: All the logs a.n contro*�ersy were branded "7" and ","2," and were cut under this contract par�ly on the plainti�f's and partly on the land of E. Banty from timber purchased of him by �laintift; tha�. the logs were cut by anc3 under the direction of Hazrill. and one Stxzker, wha was his partner in the logging business, and who became a partner with Harrili in this con�ract a£ter the making of the same; that plainti.ff �urnished al� the timber and paid aZl the expenses for runn.ing the camp, cutt�.ng and putting in the logs, etc.; that on the fourth day of February, 1890, all the "7" and "2" logs but a few which were in the Mohawk river ana within one anc7 a haif miles at the farthest fram plaa.ntiff's land, were in the river or banked on plaintiff's Zand, and alI of therrc were in his possession and owned riy him; that there wer� about six mi�lion feet of other lpgs in the riv�r; that plaintzf�'s logs were put in the river and were b�hznd all the other �ogs; that there were fourteen different brands af logs in the river, owned by other parties; that all the brands had been put in indiscriminately and mixed and comming�.ed by common consent of the parties who awned tnem; that about one-half nf the logs in the river had been run by Harri�l and Striker to or near the mouth of �he Mohawk river, and that they were engagea on those brandad °2" and "7," and runn,i.n,g them wzth all the other logs in the river, when on the faurth day qf Februaxy, 1890, high water carried a great many of the lower logs �ut of the Mahac�rk; that on that day, and betore the plainti£f's logs had been moved by the high water, Harrill and Striker went to the p�azntiff and informed him tt�a� owing to their Ioss at th� mouth of tha river they would be unable tp purchase the 7's and 2's under their contract, arkd they would do no more work on, that river, and advi.sed the plaintiff to take steps to secure his logs against the high water, whic3� plaintiff dic� at once attempt to dq. But on that night they were carried about four miles down t.he r�ver iaa�th ��her Zogs where they �,�ere ! odged in a jam, i.n which wer� Iodged in al.l about four million feet of a7.1 the differen� brands in the river; that the up}�er part of the �arn consisted of about 400,QQ0 feet, nearly all being branded "7" and "2"; that anly a part of �he "7" and "2" brands got out of the Mohawk, anc� they were in the McKenzie and WiYlamette rivers. Gooc�ale saZvaged some o� these logs and those of ather owners, hence the occasian of this particular suit. OveralZ, the question by February I890 was who was tha rx.rnar �n,f t}�o 1 nrrc r.S.rn„ LS,� f�.,} +.L,.,�. u..,.� t...,.,., � a �,,. �1 v7...� � �i r�,,:�a y�V uv+b 1..a1GLL. JVjLiC lEdu 1,lGGla jviu 1i[��li ua�C VWi1Cl. of stumpage or log driver to other dzivers or millmen and many were subject to liens after lying in the river dura.ng three years. Logs branded G, O, o, M, 4, 7, 2, X, GF and W, etc, formea the subject of �awsuits in �ane County for 7 severa� years.�� The Guard es�imated tha� Jeff Wal�, Jeff Harri�l, George Whitbeck and C. Cole would lose close to $20,000 as a result of the disaster 14 and the laggers wo��d only recezve 42� of their claims from the mil�men. The events of 1887-1890 seem to have discouraged log driving on t�ie Mohawk for a number of years, bu� drives continued on Mill Creek. For examp�e between January 1$92 and Fehruary 1893, fir sawlogs branded W were cut, rolled, secured and run an Mill Creek to �ranklyn's mill for A. W. Whipple (Fig. 5a). This was accomplished with a 1D foot sp�ash dam buil� near River Mile S during the 15 earlier year when rocks were blasted and the channel improved for this purpose. The next series of log dr�ves on the Mohawk also began on Mi1� Creek fram the lands of Myron B. Woods, Roy Callins and L. Ryan. Woods took 900,000 feet of �ogs fo� the Harrisburg Lum�er Co, from Section 18, Township 16 South, ktange 1 East in the season 1893-94.�� $etween January and June 1896 logs were again cut, barked, rolled and run down both MiZl Creek and the Mohawk �o sawznills in Springfield, Coburg and Harrisburg (Figs. 6-S). Some of the brands were I7 as follows: Owner Worlanan Smith & McIntire M. Woad A. Mantgo�riery Geo. G�hitbeck �. � ��..V 1 C Soard Feet 200,000 400,000 1,000,000 7✓ � D�iv 50,OOD �n�nnn Brand 2L � U Y 0 8 n �- In August o� that year one million �eet were still at �he mouth of Mill Creek, so �her� were prohably again prablems with the drive. 8 r �� � � - � %, `` ' • �� .; ' ' � � �' '��3 . a 4t�, �ti'�.'�� A �� + �►'r ~�' �a�,• :� � XA .. c` - f . '+ 7 �? � " . '� 1 � .t� L. '3 :. .�, . ''� " .,�•. �- � � A ""'•� � � _J - �' -y�. t 1i�� r 4 � . V �; 2 a.,_ _ r _ • � 3 � � �: �. ` � T i ' � ,k � ` ,�n* � . 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S � � y �e+.�a.-� � ,_� ♦ . - t! � ��* •��'�_.i � S�Y . _ - _ _ These 1896 drives meant a quantitative increase in the use of Mill Creek for log flotation which the drivers argued had previously been used to float logs in its lower ten miles during natural flows from fall through sp�ing for over 20 yeazs. The log drivers were na lonqer content with the 10 foot sp�ash dam of 1892 and buil� ano�her dam with a 20 foot head. 'I'� owner of the mill dam at River Mile 2.5 (the former Franklyn mill} abjected to this use. But as the Lane County Court had c3eclared Mill Creek a highway for 1og transport on May 13, lgg'7,�' and the lower mi11 owner could not prove that the damages he alleged would accur, his suit was dismi.ssed; and the logs destined £or the GoodaZe mill at Coberg were alZowed to be floated on Mili Creek with the use of a splash dam. The Sooth-KeZly Lumber Company �ntered into large sca.l.e operations on �e Niohawk in 1899 (Figs, 9-24). During January of that year they persuaded the Lane Co��.y Court to dec�are the Mohaw3c River as well as Mill Creek highways for log flotation and then leased both waterways (23 miles on the Mohawk) from �he County in order ta boom and raft loqs,�� The next month they were clearing stumps and drifts from the two streams with blasting powder and building dams des i�e man 22 p' y protests fr�m Mohawk valley sett�ers. 2`ize Eugene �tegister pub�.ished an articie favorable �o the Booth-Kelly project entitled "'I`he Mohawk Question° which claimed most Mohawk settlers favored the franchise and the economic benefits which would derive from loggi.ng the headwaters of Mill, Shor� Sam and Parsons Creek as we�l as the 23 Mohawk River. In Oc�ober the company registered their brands k B and 24 Pd for logs to be placed in the Mohawk, McKenzie and Willamet�e Rivers. 2� M�i'. 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Y: � T { '•"� `' - ♦ � �� • �l<-� � • ,,� . �......._-� ., , .,.- . . . •^ ��t ��� � • � r K ' � f � � A . � • � �' ��'r._ • � + i, �•` � . � 4 � ' f_ �� ' 7, • �� � � .���'r�l�'�, �. ' , , 1 r. � � � �` � .r�" 3. � w+ \ � � ,� � . , • + �c.� /-� .�r 31 . : . T c i T�n Gilliam zan the Booth�Kelly operation on the Mohawk and the �imberman gave details on some of the drives: � Parsons & Gilliam, the Mohaw3c loggers, delivered to the Booth-iCel�y Lumber Co.'s mil]. at Coburg a drive of 3,50a,000 feet of logs. This is one of the hig drives that are coming from the Mohawk river. The ather contains 4,OOQ,OOQ feet. F4ay 1.900 L. T. Gilliam, a�ogger on the Niohawk River, has delivered 6,d00,040 feet of logs to the Goburg mill of the Booth-Kelly Companp, and has taken anather contract for 10,000,000 feEt. - Fehruary �9�1 The next month �hey lost two million feet of logs duaring high water on the Mahawk, In their ini�ia� drives Booth-icelly utilized the existing splash da�n on Mill Creek near Wendling. Z � During the I90�.-02 season, in order to get out his contracted 10 million feet af ].ogs, Gilliam buiZt ano�er splash dam on the Nlohawk River itself (Figs. 23 & 24}, Tt was 150 £eet long and 25 feet hiqh. "Sixty thousand feet of plank were used in the construction and 100,000 feet of round ti.mber. The dam raises the water lb feet."28 The r�sults of the first drive with the new fa:cility appeared in �he Timb�r�nan: Tom Gilliam's big dxive of 6,000,000 feet of logs £or the Booth- KeI].y Lumber Co's mill at Coburg, has reached Marcola, and the logs are scattered in the Mohawk all the way from there to the mouth of the river. The Boo�h-Kelly drives continued on Mill Creek and the Mohawk at least until 1907, because zn 19Q4 and 1907 the Lane County Court asserted that they ran logs a.n the Mohawk and were al].ow�d to use explosives in the river to assist in their drives. Tn March 1905 Charles Lippie was kilI.ed in a Booth-Kelly driv� on the Mohawk. Bili R.enninger who had a logging camp on the Mohawk in 1904 had an unsuccessful 32 drive at same time in that decade. A pho�ogaraph ex�.sts of a 1910 log driva.ng crew on th� Mohawk {Fig. 25). Finally one million feet of fir sawlogs driven to the Sunset Lwnber � 32 Company of Mabe1 became scatt�red aZong the Mohawk at the end of i9Z1. Thi.s may have been the final drive on the river. carrcLUS�arr During the last quarter of the nineteenth century short lengths of Mill Creek and the Mohawk River were used for log flota�ion on the natural recurrzng high waters fram fa12 �hrough spring, and Ioggars at least r�garded them as highways for log transport, After an experimental large scale drive of the season 1885-86 proved a success, o�her loggers �ried to repeat such operations during the following years. Low water defeated their ef£orts and in the spring of ].889 {zf not befor�) flood dams were constructed to clear the river. All major driv�s in the basin after that date uti�izec� splash dams, some of considerable size, and the river beas were modified with extensive blasting and improvemen�s. Therefore �hese watexways served as highways for cammerce not in their natural but i.n artificial states, and �he State of Oregon would therefore seem to be precluded from claiminq title to their beds. 33 F003'NOTE S 1. Lewxs A. McArthur, Oreqon Geographic Names (Port�and: Oregon Histarical Society, 1974), p, 498. 2. U. S. Geologica3. Survey, Water Resources Data for Oregon, 1978, Water-Data Report OR-78-1 (Portland, p. 321. 3. [Oregon] Sta�� Water Resaurces Boaxd, Upper Willamette River Basin (Sal�n, 1961) , p. 114. � �' ' 4. O�iginal Returns, 1880 Census pf Manufactures, Sch2dule 3, "Sawmills," Lane Cotuzty, Microfilm 26�49, State Library, Salem. 5. Eugene City Gua rd, 1 Dec 1883. 6. Testimany in Hodson v Goodale, p. 56, MSS RG 55, 61 A-2d #02430, Oregon State A�chives, Salem. 7. Eugene City Guard, 7 Mar 1885. S. Ibid., 26 Dec 1885, �6 Jan 1886 and see 6 Feh 1886. 9. Ibid 17 Mar 1888. 10, Lane County Circuit Court Case No. 2154I�, "Defendant's Answex," State Archives, Sa].em. 11. Eugene City Guard, 1 Feb I890. 12. 22 OR 69-7� 13. Lane County Circuit Court Cases Nos. 21541�, 27$Q, 2993, 2997, State Archives; 3000, 3002, Lane Coun�y Courthouse, Eugene. Y4. Eugene City Gttard, 1 Feb 1890. 15. Lane County Circuit Courfi. Case I�o. 3323, �,ane County Courthouse and see E�gene City Guard, 1 Feb I890. 16. From Federal Zand he did not pay for, Ibid 8 June 1895. 17. Lane County Mechanics Liens Vo1. 4, p. 384; Lan� County Circuit Caurt Cas� No. 3920, Lane Cocin�y Courthause; Eugene Register 14 Feb 1896. 18. Lane County Mechanics L�.ens Vo].. 4, p. 391. 19. Lane County Co�issianers 3aurnal, 13 May 1897, Lane County Courthause. 20. Lane Countiy Circuit C�ur� Cases Nos. 4078, 4226, Lane County Courthouse. 21. Lane County Gommissioners Journal, VoI. 7� pp. 394-9$, and see Eugene Re�ister, 23 Eeb Z899. 22. Flo�ence West, Z7 Feb 1899 and see Eugene Broad Axe 22 Feb 1899. 23. Eugene Re�ister, 23 Feb 1899. 24. Marion County Loggers Marks an� Brands I, 3, Marion County Courthouse, Salem. 25. Colvmbia River and Ore an Txmbexinan, 1:7, p. �6; 2:�, p. 6. 26. Florence west 8 Mar 190Z. 27. Col�mibia Fti.ver and Oregon Timberman 28. Pacific Coast �Tood & Iran. Sep I901, p. ],74 anc3 see Nov 1900, p. 176. 29. CoZumbia Ri.ver and Oreqon Timberman. 3:2 (Dec 1901), p. S. 30. Lane County Couunissioners Journal 9, pp. 107-108; 10, Q. 3�4. 31. Florence West 24 Mar 1905. 32. Drain Non�areil, Z6 June Z904 and letter from Dale F�scher, Eugene �o Division of State Lands, 9,Tune 1981, 33. Lane Coun�y Circuit Couzt Case Nos. 6642 and 6566, Lane County Courthouse. �