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Mollala Pudding Rivers FarnellNIOLIA�A-P�IDDING RIVERS NAVIGABI�ITY STUDY James E. Farr�el 1, Ph. D. Researc� Analyst Division of State Lands Salem, OR May 1979 I�]TR4AUCTION Under the Equal Footing clause of the Oregon Achnissions Act, the United States Governiaent transferred rnmership o� tl�e beds of aIl navigable waterways to the State of Oregor� in i859. At the time of this report, tY:e ful� e�ctent of Oregan's awnership is us�known. The present development trends aiong our waterways make it apparent that the location of the state/privaLe boundaries is of extreme importance. The 1973 I,egisl.ature recognized this and passed OR5 274.029-034. This law directs the Divisian of State Lands to ma]ce a study of all Oregon's waters�►ays and to make public their findings. "�'ha.s r�part is the Division's stady of the Molalla anc� Pudding Rivers. These two very diverse streams jain about a mile and a quarter before their ca�on entry into the Willamette River. �'he steep-graded Molalla has a name derived frcxn the Indian �vord for strawberxy which also designated the Indian tribe of the region, The sluggish and meanderinq Pudding was named far a feast ot b}.00d pudding prepared by trappers' squaws after a fortunate wi;nter kill of elk on the lower reaches af that waterway. Alth�ugh th� two rivexs drain a ri.ch agricuitural land which inclad�s part of the first area of the stats's settlement, the preponderant com�nercial use of their waters focused on two txibutariea, St7.ver Creek a� the l�udding and Milk Creek of the Molalla. Ho� of these streams drained rich areas of fir timber and were used for over two decades to drive saw logs to mill and market. �rhe researcher wishes to thank the staffs of the fallowing agencies and institutions which aided his research on these �wa rivers: Marion Gounty Conrt Hause Clackatnas County Coart House Oregon State Library Silverton Museum Water Resaurces �epartment Oregan State Archfves University af pregon Libraxy Oregon Dept. o€ Fish as:d Wildl�.fe Special thanks are due to the Oregon State Historical Society £or permission ta repmduce the June rirake photoqraphs �rom their co�.lection. BASYN OF THE l�40T�ALLA AND PUDpING RIVERS The combined basins of �he two rivers form a scaliop-e8ged circle Iocated south of Canby near th�ix conflusnce with the Willamette and immec3iately eas� nf Salem an the westexn and soutnern circumferenc�s (Fig. Z).� The Pudding River �ises in the Waldo Hil.ls between Saiem and the Cascade �iountains wh�,le the Mola].la rises from the slopes of three western salients of the Cascade Range: Table Rock, Soosap Peak and Goat Mountain. The Mo1a11a Iies wholly within Clackamas Cbnnty as does the mouth of the Pudding. The latter river and ane of its major tribt�taries, Butte Cre�k, Form the principal part of the Y�oundary b�tween Clackamas and Maxion counties. Tl�te major partion of the Pudding River systmt lies in Marion Caunty. Because the Mol�lla rises in mountains which impinge on the Willamette itiver plain, it has steep gradients in its upper reaches, but this moderates in the 20 miles below Molalla where ttie river continnes, hawever, to have many riffles. Stream f1aW data have only been collected at two points on the MalalZa, near WiZ2toit (RM 32,5) and Canby (RM 6). At the upstream station the average discharge since 2932 has been 5�8 cubic feet per second with a high of 24,300 cubic feet and low of i8 cubic feet per second. Measurements near Canby since 1928 show an average discharge a�sproximateZy twice that at wilhoit, or 1,160 cubic feet per second With a maximum of 43,5Q0 cubic feet and atinimum of 20 cubic feet per second. The Pudding, which has its source in the low Waldo Eiills, flows far raost of its length over a f�at plain. ConsequentZy it has the s�owest, most convaluted course oE any river in the state, the Tuaiatin and Ya�ahill Rivers aot �xcepted. There are no flow recorc�s far the main s�em of the Pudding River or for the comba.ned discharge of it and the Molalla. 1 The larger tribntaries af tt�e Pudding join it fram the east where they rise in the foothiXls o£ the Cascade Range. Their caurses are consequently straighter anc3 swifter than the raain stem of the Pudding . T�ao of these tributaries, Butte and Silver Creeks, have recorded stream flows. Intermittent readinge for the former stxeam since 1936 show an average discharqe at Monitor fRt� 7.7 of Butte Creek) o€ 224 cubic feet per second, maxim� 7,310 cuk�ic Ee�t, mini.tt�um 0.15 cubic feet per second. At Silverton iRM 6) on Silvear Creek the average stream flow since 2963 has been 21I cubic feet per second, somewhat less tY�axt for Butte Cre�k, and a�aximu�a of 5,90Q cubic feet, minimum of ��.15 ctitbic feet per second. 2 • • . . � • � • • • • � • •• � � • � � � • • • • • � • • • • . F �RK . . � . � . a' R . . N o x . � • � o • � U WO • oa • 4 �' V o Z • �/ � � '� i o� N � N y :� Z . � � o . � . � �'� �' � � p ::b N • � J •� d / �' �} H �Iz �I� U � U N Z a ��m � • V �� • • � a • . � U • • � �1 • • I � � � � � • � •` I •+ I � • ic] • a i I• �� g ,� . M o •. � . . W • J • Q,� • •. � � a M � G���� N � . �� � N O Cp • � • � j/ Q � � o • m • . � � m a � o . . . � � .` � Jiyjppnd,� . • " o . • '� . � d n p � � y� a • � '�' � 3 1,[/7 � O "' . p. o 3 '•. a ' • , O f _ • •. .� • � • • . • . • . • • •. .• • � • • • • �z-� , /• • Z � °' h 4 °' 00 = W a � � � � ,^ Z v a z � w 0 a � � � o z � O Q � J ; a � �� � � 0 n � �' � � � � NAV7GAT70N: MOI,ALr,A RT�IER Only two references to ferrfes on the �tol.alla hava been discovarecl. One was that qf Champing Pendleton at RM 2 ahove the Willam�tte whzch was granted in 1851. It was replaced hy a hridqe in I863.� The other was �hat of Harrison Wriaht. There passenqers aroused the ferryman by a cowhorn hung on a tree (R2� 14 . 5} , 6 LOG DRIV�S: MdLALLA E2IVER As an old-time resident of Mo�.aJ.�.a, the central town of the river valley, recalled in 3�976, its industry "was always predort�inantly lumber. And that would include iogqinq which was necessary ta produce lacrs far lumk�er. And in the town when I was a young man, a young bay even, in the tawn [and) surround- ing country there were many sawsr�ilZs. It was auite common, And many littie lagging outfits." f?e later adde�3 that many of them brouqht the out�ut of their operations into Molalla by horse and axen.� Our question is: which of. the many sawmills which flauri.shed in the Molalla val�.ey used tY�e river and its tributaries as the necessary means not only of motive power for their machinery, but also as transport for their logs? An even older resident, Charles �r?. Hardy, born in 1981, set dawn his remembrance of the early days o� the valley in the E'arly History of i�olalla Ma le Grove, Russellvi2le, Colton and Other Nearby Areas. For most of the saw- :l'1� � �� ti':� ::. �t{i+4 ii�'�' �}i6' x8 i •7 n., t ti t y vi ai�u r�,m;ay Fiilil ii�u� [=].s vWrt ��O�erL� they 7.ogged with horses or provides na in€oxmafion about means of carraige. For three, however, he notes water transport. Beqinninr� uPstream at River Mi1e 32, "Otta Kletch had a mill on S}'!p� Gun Creek. He mad� 2 sets abave Map1e Grove school ahaut 2 1/4 miies, but mastly he hauled on pZank. roads." � The Doernbecker Furniture Campany reqistered its loq 3�rand with the Clacka�nas Caunty � C1erk in May 19�4 for logs fZoated in the Molalla, Puddinq and Willame�te Rivers for their sawmiil in Clackamas an� furniture manufactory in M�ltnomah Co�nties. Hardy states that it "had a loqqing camp where the present Weyer- haeuser Camp is now. That was on the rTorth Fork of the �olalla River (RM 26.3�. They floated logs �own the river fofi a time, but it did not prove satisfactory. The need of raads and trans ortation was ' p gxeat in that day.' Fred 5hafer, who had a sawmill at the mouth of k�oodcaok Creek [RM 12.5 af Milk Creek], �sed horses tn brinq �ags to his mill. "He mostily cut railroad �ies zn the sas�maill and floated the ties dawn thP river to Canby to tak� them out.....W. C. Noon had a miZl on kloor3cock Creek, too, not f�r �rom Fred Sha£�r. He cut railraad ties and flaated them dawn a flume ta the [Mol�lla] river (R� I9] and then down to Canby in the river.....Shaf�r used the same flume �s W. C. Noan on his first 'set' qn the creek."� A. F. rioyer attache� 1�,000 ties which Shafer, as the Atlas Timber and I�uinber �ompany, was canveying down the Molalia fram this �lume in �907. The ties were intended both for the Sduthern Pacific Rai�road at Bariow and the mouth of the �olalla.�� Ther� is other information concerninq Shafer`s drives in tihe Tzmberman In �anuary 1905 the periadical re�orted that "Fred Fhaver bouqh� the Russell Bros. sawmill at Mola�3a {ar.d] �o�tracted fcr 25,^G7 ties whic� he Wfll flaat down the P3alalla River in sprina.''� zn May and June 19i4 he drove loqs he- tween RM 20.7 (Fiq. 2A) and this m�ll near R� i9 on the hlolalla.�� Other parties also use� the Molalla. F. �?. Hutchfnson and Ransom �oper drove 5everal sections of the river durina the years 1912 thzough 1913 from the spring through the fall. The first year th�y drove cordwood Ca Ud. B. T�lI's boom near Aarlow (Rt•t 3); the s�cand they drove nearly 90�,00� feet of cordwood from their logging operations near Meadowbrook (RM 18.5, Fiq. 2 R) to a lou boom near the sa�e viZlage, Durina 19Z3, lOQ feet of wood had to be hanled to � n: � �� , Vt �+ �� �r° °�I��, r ;„� - r -�,- � �"�,.,"��,� �= -,r� . � .. .�..�„�. r .. � � � T a ��- � � � � ,�,.°� �.. � �"x-�` �,� � • ' °'�.-�''. .. �-..»^�' _.. -�,.: �, " '"` �- � -~ _ "� �� "� � • �"" , 5��'�„��:�y - . . ,�,:.. � ^�� r� � � � x `r;"'. aR} '� n , ' �� �- . 'P� <n....._ d. .'�� ,� � . . . ,. -., . �+—�. a �� ^ia �` � . •-- ... , . - � - �, ��,�, °'�"'�'* „ ��,a • ': ti 5�,� '�y � ... 4 x.�. �'�� ,":, � � :�„ � 4� � °�' �^� ������ �� t `'�,�'�w" �., �^� „,ry' � . � .�, . .,. .. � �� _ � � � ^LL� � � . . ,^1, � �� � � � . �� Figure 2A. MpL.ALLA RtlVER AT SHADY QELL PARK, R M 2CJ.�, February 6, 1979. , � , �fi` � � 1; � N , I � r A ^�,� �'� ° � y � �," "`�'� � � zt���x �� x, y�..� "� w °d _ w . ,�. �°, , „ r �'... ,,,� . �+��� ' �:' j �� ' ��r� � �. � � � a � . � , w'� � , ,- µr � . - � r ° M'� . k �y. .„ � y� F M1 � � � : . � �p.�s ... �"� ,�.:._"..`'.��. �.{ Figure 2B. MQLALLA RIV�R FRpM Fi1GHWAY 211 BR19]GE, R M 18.5, Fe6ruary Ei, 1979. 5 the boom because o� low flow in the Molaila. Tn I914 the partners floated 8,648 fence posts for Tull. The same year wil�iam Mainwaod put 573,96A feet of sawlogs into the t4ola11a for Tull at River Mile ��, The Molalla evidently posed difficulties for 1aq drivers. mher�fore, the much smaller but more ev�n-fldwinq Milk Creek (Fig. 3), which paraile�e� the course of the Molalla o� the north and flowed for some 3� miles at the hase of hills richly timbered with fir and cedar, provi.ded a natural flume which was used for many years by �e�mbermen in the region. In a lawsuit concluded in �91� the de£endant James Adkins averre� that- for more than ten years last past, immediately prec�dinq the brinqing of this suit, [he) was cantinuously enqaqed in the manufacture of lumber, his mill beinq situated an M�lk Creek, ahout one mfle up stream from its conflu�nce with the Molalla R.iver.....That the said strpam is the largest trib�tary nf sai� Mola]_la Riv�r, an� �ar many �iles ahove defendant's mill its banks an� contiquous territory are covered with an abundant growth of inerchan�a�l� fir and cedar timher, suitable for mill- ing purpases, and the same constitute the �efendant's main source of supply. That the said strea�, for many miles above the defen�ant's mill, in its native condition is, and durin� a�l the times herein mentioned has been naviqa�le tor the floataqe of logs from the aforesai� titnbeX lands down to the defendant's mill, and for more than ten years, i�nmediately prior to the beqinning of th�� suit, the �efendant has so use� sa�d stream for the purpase af txansportina iaqs to his aforesaid m�ll. That during all safd time th� p�aintiff [�. L. Trul�inaer) has like- wise heen engaged in the milling of lumher aL a pofn� up stream on said creek about six miles distant �rom the defendant's mill..... That particularZy during the year 1q0� the defendant expend�d larqe sums of money, to wit: The sum of $12,70�.0� and upwar�s in the purchase of iogs and logqing and preparation for floataqe of loas down said s�ream and improvement of said stream to the mill of plainti€f with the intent then and there of floatinq the sa�e down said stream to his aforesaid mi21 fdr the purpose of manufacture of the same inta lumber. Trullinger claimed that Adkins' improvements wer.e splash dams whose release damaged the banks of t�a river an� his millsite, near tihe present L'nion Mills on Milk Creek (Fig. 3A). The court ordered in �ay Z�10 that Adkins was to peel or bark his Zoqrs so that �hey would not damage Tru�linger's dam and was onZy to drive durinq the natural flow of the river and stop the use of splash 1F dams. F �'J Figurs 3A. M1LK CREEK AT UNI{]N MILLS, RM 98, F�bruQry 6, 1979. Flgura 3B. MILK CREEK AT FOUR CC7RNERS, I�.M. 12.7, Feb►uary 6, 1979, Adkins had indeed used Miik Creek far a decade as these notices from 19d� in a lumber trade journal indicate: Adkins Bros. of Unton �Milk] took advantage o£ hiqh water to run �ogs dawn to their mi21. Adkins Brothers of Lower Milk Creek Ltnnb�rinq Company, at Meadow- brook, f.n Clackamas County, have purchased a fine body of timber from A. L. I,arkins, and have a crew cuttinq ].octs at the "Last Chance" camp. They expect to send 2,00�,0�� feet of logs down Milk Creek next winter. Jess Adkins told the researcher on May 4, 1979 that the "Last Chance" camp was, �ike the mi.11, near the mouth of Mi1k Creek, and that Jim Adkins alsa logged on Buckner Creek. Jess Adkins wt�s about 1� when he remembers the men going out to brinq loqs dawn Mi.lk Creek. Ne also rer�embers that every three 4r four years the flour mill owner brought a sui.t against Jim A�kins for t3king logs over his mi21 dam. Even earlier there had been an altercation over lag �riving fram Buckner Creek to the H. H. t+!hee].er sawmill near RM 2 of M.ilk Creek, a sawmill which Wheeler hac3 operater� for eight years pzeviausly. f�urinq the fail af I�95 wheeler fell and banked SQO,OQO feet of sawlogs a mile and a half up Buckner Creek (Fig. 4), but when he commenced to drive them in January 1895 a rival mili cnvner, C. T. Howard, obstructed Buckner Creek wzth trees and brush, Arevene- ing the drive. iioward claimed th�t Ruckner Creek was nat navicrable and had a surveyor and a 3d-year resident testffy that it was not navigable, even foz locrs, and had never been so used. .7udge Thomas A. McBride of the C�ackamas County ca.rcuit Court founc� for the plaintiff, V]heeler, fa March 2697: In arriv�.ng at this conclusion, Che court makes the followfng finaings af fact: lst That Milk Creek and Auckner Creek described in the complaint are navigable stXeams for the floatage of saw 3�pgs. 2nd That the defendant owns and maintains a dam across said stream, that is an obstruction to the navigation of stsid stream with saw Zeqs. 3rd That defendant maintainer� the c�am ctescriberl in the complafn� can�inuously at the present site in practically its present conditian � Y J � a Z a � w z Y U � � � W J W W r 3 _ uJ � � G � Q J � � � 0 � � P � £or more than ten years next precee�inq the commencement of this suit. Wherefore it is ordere� that the plaintzff herein have the rignt and privileqe to �o u�on the premises where sai.� dam is mainta�ned, and construct a qood and sufficient loQ flume or schute in said dam, that will al�ow thP p]aintiff herein to pass saw loas through said dam from his waters above to the waters below said schute to be constructe� �n a gaod and workmanlike mann�r and in �� such a way as to do no unnecessary da�age to the defendant herezn. Another user of Milk Creek for log driving was A. S�efani. He arranqe� in 3une 1913 to have 300,00� feet of saw logs driven from RN 15 on Mi�k Creek l9 to his mill at Canby (�M 3.5, ��olalla). In 7une 1908 Oscar FIulti was accused hy the �tate af thrawinq sawdust from his sawmill into Mi1k Creek. Hu1t purchased the mill at Colton durina 1��F 20 i��ig• 5A,C). Vera Lynch tells more ahout F;ult's nperatton and the use of h4i�k Creek for Zog transport: N. P. Hult an� his four sons owne� and operate� a sawm�ll on *�ilk Creek at Co�ton [RNI 18] to cut railroad tiPS. At ane time they owned aroun� 1,500 acres of timberland alonq the creek and floated the �oqs downstre�m to the mill. In July a� 19�3 they purchased the �avi� F. LofQren sawz+�i�i at MuYino [RM 6, Milk Creek; �ig. 5B] and not only floated ioqs tio the mill but also sent the output down tihe waterway to the railroad skdinq near Sarlow �RM 8.5, Molal�a), tp �e loade� nn Southern Pacific flat cars. The mill capacity was 25,00� feet of ��mher and 4�,000 shina��� a day that kept 17 m�n busy. Both mills ran out of logs years aqo. They,were miLlinq at Colton �ntil at least 1919. Mr. Carl �wanson who grew up and still Zives in Calton stated that thE Iogs were brouqht to the Hult mill, located at the present Bpy Scout Camp, by chutes and a splash dam. The lat�er was about a half mile above the mill and parts of it are still besz�e the creek. Mr. Swanson us�d to swim �oth above the splash dam an� the mill dam when he was a boy. He artirme� that finits sent the ti�s from �.oiton miii t�M i8i aownscream on Milk Cr�ek to their other prop�rty at MuZino. E. A. Berdine �rove at least 2 1/2 miles of �ilk Creek from Orchard Falls near CoZton between Octoher 19�4 and March 19Z5. As latE as i935 Arthur 5ettje of oregon City r�qistered his mark for floatzn� timher to be loaqed by himseZf �0 �. . .M � .. �� k, � a � �°�r � �, I `°, ;�" . �L' " ,�:' ,�� . . � � c `,� • •`� $.E, . m w ..w � ►� .��-. � � � r, 4 � +,r � �ti^ � n � � ;�.,..� r ,� " �. �' - ��R,� . � ...' � �. ��. . , �� „�,',q�'"�. ��,�r;�"„w,,,�'�w�,��t'r"`����. ' r �. . �� ; ;� + '•�� � � , � • ti`s�, � z � � a�h��6 y "' ; �s� ' F ¢ °s ,� r� � � p �� Y �� S � �� y` � � �,I'i � i . _ � . , ' . ���,a^ .:�,' i� �r�� I1 � ,�,l -;.�, �"�..: +, 1 Figur�; 5A. h+111_K CREEK AT HULT RQAD, COLTf�N, S T� �JF HUL7 5�'�A+h�IL.L, Februory 6, 1979. Figure 5B. M11_K CREEK AT M11LIN[3, R.M. 5.9, February 6, �9�9. � y € 4, �.�„�41� n� � � �M�+NI� ro """ � n � . „ � $ , �v., e'ir ^� q a3 � � r �. � �t�i�°i� , �� � ��� �� . lf�` ��.� m +� (�'�� . � � '��. � . � �� � C� �',� � l ny� � , � ! � ,� �+m� � � " � � " �� � ���; ,�, � � �� �'�� +� �`�t � ��. '� � " � + �.�1 ,�t � ,� � A �gr �'�"'�'J �'� ' .. :�,�. �� i � n� .� � � �. a�� � t � � � . � � � � � � ;, � � � � ,�� � ��t .����'�; , ���; �' � �,� � �,�� � . � '� �'r "'"�� , � c � �� ` � " "�'° ' :�'�. � ; � �, .�� � i � ,�,.�� �:... a r r � #i�? �w`. �I�Mi�. �� _ ws'r',a '�i, � � � ��, �. , .,� � � �w .. � �p_ . : � % � -, � � +� �, . � � " . + � � R' `n h yy,,, 4 ��4..s a � �p.r. ,. v; � , . .'"'�'. ` . . , w��-� . . . h . � '� ,� "�" �. �a.w � , � p ��� �,. .w E , � � �c ,�. "�. � �", �< ,a� �.f �.� . � � � t� . i, �` , a �. :. ,�,'� _,� � � ' q. *��, ��� ;�� . � � � �, � � �'� ,�� °'�' � � };a x :�'r " `r :. , Y�r � + �rs... �� �; •�; . � � — ; .�, � � . � �� . �� ��� � �� �fi � �� � � ` y ��_ . � � ' � :. A �d�x" �` � . . � � � � �` ^+Cr�� ., � `��� . . , _ , � , . �� �:��a xi� ,��``� fi'��� ".�..�� "�,., � ` ��r' � � " � � � ,� : r• � , � . ... . �g�,�^l .Y� � � f 4 3 .. � ,�� r!�a �, '� k' a' �.: y�°"�� . �,.d - ��fi .PIF %8� ^ r;� t� � � e ' �� p . k �. 7 � � � . �" '� � � ,� � � ?.� , 'q� W" s.z �, � � ,':-; +—M .� '� ° U � ,!,! : , i ni y y U � ��-1 � � � �� near Colton on Milk Creek.� Thus a mini�um 18.5 mil� length of Milk Creek and 2fi.3 mi�es of the Molalia sustained significant timber transport activity. Milk Creek was used probably from the late 1880's to at least 1915 and possibly in the 193�'s; the Molalla for at I�ast the decade 1904-1914. Both were used by several lumbermen and constituted hiqhways fox commerce in the ti�her indUStry. RECREATTONAL UG� �ay Massey af the Ciackamas affice nf the Oreaon Department of Fish and Wild�ife makes a rough estimate that about 2�0 drift �ishing boats per year use the Molalla River. Most enter at Gaods Bzidge fRN1 �? and flaat down ta Canby or the river's mouth. �raver boatmen enter as high as Plagon ��eel Park (RM 28.6, Fig. 2B) and flaat dawn. The low use of the river is partly account- ed for bq lack of qaod boati ramps. T�e Depart�ent of �ish an� Wilalife wishes to put severai mere ramps into the river, bvt the hi�hest wou�d be near the road to Colton on Hiahway 2ZI (RM 1�.5). From the mouth af the Molalla on the willamette, the Boones Ferry �arina reports that so�e jet boats ascend as high as Canby. Joe Weatherby of the Department of Fish and wi�dlife's Salem office does not have any data on suz�face hoat use of the Puddfng for fishinq or other recreational use. There is little good publi.c access, �ut some �ersons with ��'1V3r� d.�'CF'5� ??:wl '�C ��1.f4 .1')03t �i.BLiilC�. 13 NAVICATION: PUDDII3G RIVER There was probably onXy one ferry across the Puddf,ng for a short time at t}�e beginning ot white settlement in the area. In July 1852 a roa8 was established in Marion County �rom a fer�y on the Pudding Rfver to the Butteville- Sal.em Road. In April 1855 a bridge replaced Ixvin's Ferry across the Pudding; the bridqe retained the name Irvin's Bridge. Both refererices were probably to the same ferry crassing near the future site of Auroxa, ten �niles upstream fraa the Willamette River, wi.11iam Barlow, James M. Parlow and an optimistic group of projectors aECUred incoxporation of the Puddinq River Transportation and Naviyation Ccsn�pany from the Territoria� Legis�ature in Z858.� It was "empawered to remove or cause to be removed, fxom all that part of Pudding River between its mouth and the bri.dge over the said River, knowrs as 'Irvins bridge', all timber, timber trees, logs, brush and ather things obstrncting the navigation of safd river." They were also given "the riqht to transport qoods, merattandize arjd freight af all kinds, up and down said �iver as far as said company shall make the same navigable, belaw said bridge, and to and �som any point of �tte Willamette river, accessfble by said imparovements." Indeed they were required to ]teep the stream clear of obstructians in the designa�.e� secti.an and w►ere to make the stXeam fit for navigation witt�in two years of the grant of the charter. On Febrnary 18, 1860 the canpany ran the steam�oat �oose under the command of Capt. John Kruse up to Irvin's Bridge iFig. 6A.). This was repeated throuqh the spring of the year. In ApriZ 1860 t.he Oregon Farmer announced that the success of the Moose's run had encouraged the company to attempt navigation to Parkersville (l�i 37).�� The route was ahandoned during the sam� year, however, because the whole projact apparentlg depended on the tempaxary separation of the 14 � � , . �,,� � �� +�� � ��,. f � �. �'° '�' � �� , .. 4 � y �. �R � �c;° � ra° � ' �s e�"�' t�C �r"c��: ��,4r` � � +'S� I A , �# a��� w.' ���+"�� "�' ,„ �° �"�'" s.'��h� � � n ����,��� �'� �"" �� Figure 6A. PUDDI�G RIUER DOWNSTREAM FROM HEGFiWAY �9E BR9DGE AT AURQRR, February 6, 1979. �°^� __ - —��- `:.�� -�°� � ��-�- � . . . � �. „���� ��s t�.a u � � � ..� .M!'*";. ._..._ . _ :_ p .���� �, ��.t�� � _ '. • � r � �� � `w."` ���; ,<., � .� � � � o„� � ''�'� � . . , . , �. • . g ��'"�d �' � ,_ i � , , s _.. m 15 Figure 6B. BU�TE CREEK, F�.M 12,5, Fetaruary 6, 1979. mauths of the Pudding and the Molalla Rivers aad when ttiey rejoined during that year, navi.gatian of the Puddi,ng became impossible for steamboats operat�nq fram the Wiliamette. LOG DRNES : PUD17�i3G 1?IVER 'rhe Pudding River and its trik�utar3.es had sawmills located on them from the first years pf w�ite settle�nent in eastern Marion Co�nty. Thus at MiZford on Silver Creek, two mil�s above the pr�sent silve�ton, James 5mith and John Barger erected a luntber miZl as early as Z846.� I3. G. Torpley possessed a sawrt�ill an or near this site in 187R. In 1852 L. D. fiail erected a�umber miil at the mouth of Abiqua Creek (ItM 45.5), and i.n 1863 there was not�ce of James C. Hutton's sawmill on the Abiqua. c'h►e a� the oriainal miZls at Scotts Mills was a sawmi11 and R. H. Scott continued to style himself a lumber dealer in 1884. Jamieson and Bowde� had a sawmill on the Puddinq directly east of Hubba.rd (RM 17) in 1878. There was also one at that date at Parkersville and at RM 9 of the Little Pudding River, the Zatter apexatec� by Schwartz and Wood- warci. A 17-year-ald hoy's body was found in the Schwartz millpond ir► �+arch 1887. This partial listing of sawmills alana the Pudding River system con- firms the statement of the historian of the Sil.verton area that mi11s of "small capacity were at variou� times to be found on a1.1 the rivers aad creeks." As with the Molal�a, our question is: How many sawmills in the basin received their loas by riv�r txan�por�.? For many of these mills there is no zecord df hoa� they obtained their logs, for others the onZy evidenc� is that they were dragged to the mill hy horse teams or oxen, but for several the Pudding and its tributaries were uti�.ized ta floae logs to the mill. Between June and Npvember 1891 some �2,000 feet of logs were �6 moved on the Pudding A.iver to th� Peter Scharbach and Louis �o�lenback sawmill 2 1/2 miles east of �?oodburn (RM 23-26), In 1893 Elijah fimith and Ole Opsund had a mill at the confiuence of Power.s Cree3c with t�e Al�iqua (RM 8.8, Ahi�xua); loqs were draqqed to the Ahiqua upstream of the mill and flaated down to zts �.oa pond. 250,000 £eet of saw logs w�re later float�d on a 1}./2 mile lenqth of the Abictua above Fores sawmill between October 1905 and the end af .Tanuary 1946 by Frank Lamm (I,amb) who had a splash dam at RN! 12 of the Abiqua. The next year ttertzler and Haskell of Gv'oadburn remnvec3 their sawsniZl to the Abiqua as the �biqua Lumber Campany. The miZl had a 50,D0� foot per day capacity. A large spl.ash dam was usea to transport logs to the sawmill wh�.ch the dam's constructars c3escribe� enthusiastically to the Titnberman in a Ietter 4f Novemk�er I3, 190F: Our dam on the Abiqua was huilt under contract by E. P. �3ronkey, of Woodhurn� Oreg. We have tested it very thoroughly and findl that it meets ev�ry requirement. It is �.6{? feet in ienqth, 30 feet high and B5 feet in width on the bottem, 1/4 pi.tch or run to the floor, 14 feet dead head. The water i.s discharge� through two lFi-foot Qates, the gates beinq nearlp automatic a� a?.6-£oot head by openir�g two small gates and filling the rock ha�.last boxes with water, we usec� nearly 500,OOQ feet of locrs, 60,DOQ feet of plank, 1,20� tons of rock and gravel, 4,fl04 pounds drift bolt�, 1,500 pnunds of sQikes. `�he brush at tha toe is fro�n � to 10 feet in depth, 35 feet wide and lOd feet in lengt�a across the bed of the creek, which makes ft ve�y secure from undermining. We have a contract to deliver 20 million feet o� logs to the Hertzler-Haskell I.umber Co�tpany's mil� on the Al�iuua (two miles north of Silv�rton} a distance of abaut seven miles from oux timber. Yours tXU1,y, HASKELL & CHRIS�'IF In i897, .T. 1�. Mortensan and �t. P. Hanson reqisterec� their bzand with the Clackamas County Clerk to drive P,utte Creek.�� �ro years �ater F'anson was drown- ed on January I9, while breaking np a log jam on that creek upstream from their mzll at tAonitor (R'� 8, Butte Creek; Fiq. 5R} , In MarCh 19c13 Morti.nson Saw Mili Co., Scotts �iills, announced they �ad "awarded a contract ta Jones & Lamm Bros. , loggers of Silverton, to cut 4, 5(?f?, C10b feet of lo4s along Rutte Creek and drive them down the creek to the milZ. 17 Pa cific Coast Wood & Iran noted in lApl that F. S. L. Baqhy had recently put in a sawmill on Rock Creek, Clackamas rounty, and floated 2,�0�,��0 feet of logs to it dawn Rack Creek. 47 ThP Ti.mberman followed the exnt�nsion of this company's opeXations. In Decem�er �9t�3, 13aqby Lvmber Company of Aurora was clearinq the Pudding Rfver froom Butte Creek {FtM 2p,2} to Aurora (RM 9) as w�11 as both Rock Creek (Rr�4 15.5) and Butte Creek proper for a 15-mile drive to Auroza.� The Saqhy mill was on the site of the old Aurbra coZony loq aond which hac3 heen sold to the Ragby company. L�qs had not heen fioated ta the Aurora co�ony sawmill, but brpught in by oxen. At the time o£ t?�e 1�3R(} Census, however, it is possible that loqs were be�.nQ f1oPlted on the Puddinq to the mill at Aurora. The area of log drivinq to the Bagry mill at ?�urora was extendec? hy Fzecl �hafer in March 19D4 to tY�e head of CaaZ Creek (PM 19.7, 8utte Creek) for a 35-mile c3rive down Coal and Butte Creeks atid the Pudding River. Cuttina occurzed on 5ections 3 and 4 of Township 7 Soukh, Rar�qe 2 East. Durinq that tirne Shafer ta�k out 1,100,0�?0 board fee� of fir saw loqs. When Baghy I,umher Company exper- iencec� financia� reverses in 1A�15, the river drivers hac� to sue in order to recover their wages for the winter season 19�ti--��,� Bill Martensen also drove Autte, Caa2 and Hiqh Hills Creeks, hut hy means of splash dams. The most sustained ev�c�ence of the use o£ one of the Puddf.nq Rzver tributar- ies for loq flotation occurs for �'ilver Creek. That thi.s stream was used for log transport in the 1680's is establishec� by f-?omer Davenport authar of The Countxy Boy In his atter.ipt as a youth to drown a cat from the �ilvertan bridge in mid- wzn�ez, he noted that the creek was at its highest and that saw lbgs were runnirsq thick, as thouqh this were a normal occurrence at tnat time of year. �ilverton's largest loq boom at that date was �7ohnson's on 5ilver Creek. Just hefore Chri.stmas 1886 the Silverton A�Speal reported that Fred �ooch was enqac{eci in aettinq out 200,000 feet of ].ocxs for Goocirich and Company of Milford. M. 7ohrison and Son �8 were gettinq out loqs for their mil� near Silvertan durinq the same week at the Porter place on SiZver rreek (RM 9 or 9, 5ilver Creek�.� On the follo��ir.q New Year's �ay the newspaper re�orted. that Jahnson and Son cauqht c�uite a number of saw logs durinq the �reshet in the previvus week.� 'Three years later Gibson S. Erwin had a force of inen hankinq Ioc�s up Silver Creek getting ready for high water. Joh�son and Ek, who had jofned fozc�s and improved their sawmill with steam-driven machinery, planned to get their loqs down the creek the same winter in order to do a large �usiness durina the followinq summer. The plans of both ffrms were disconcerted by a record f 10«3 . Jnne Drake, Silverton photographer and first president of the Silverton Hfstorica� Saciety, reca2led that durinq those years before automobiles and mavie theaters, one of the chief winterti.me amusements in Silverton was to watch saw logs pass under the Mafn �treet Bridge on their way to J. H. Lichty's sawmill three miles below tor*n an the Puddinq River (RM 48.5). Amusement tu�n- ed to desperate alarm in February 1890: There was lots of snow on the head waters of �ilver Creek, heat►v ra�ns came accarnpanied by warm chinook winds, meltina this snow, the run of£ was quick, sending the waters of Gilver Creek up to an all time high. Tn those days there were no bui2dinqs on West Maxn Gt. near the ald covered bridge that spanned the stream. These waters n�arl� reached the Methodist Church, corner of S�1est Main and F'isk sts and passinq between the bents of the hricige approach. This extra hiqh water as k�eZl es the loas riding its crest attract- ed the curious. dn this particular day people seemed to be uneasy as the water was realZy high. LatE that �vening a man came running down the street shout- i.nq "Save the bridge. Johnson's logs �rake loose." Citizens sensznq the danqer of the hridge heing ta�rn out hy the on- rush of trousands of logs jamming the stream from hank to bank, rana the fire be11 to arouse all availarZe peopl.e so they could do a11. that was possa.ble to protect the or�ly cxossing on the stream, besfdes the Rail Poad bridqe. There saon was a solid mass of immense logs passina over J�mes dam just up stream from the bridge. �ome of these logs went on down stream, 19 while others would pile up by �he side of the dam, hexng he�d there by �he back wash. Men with pike pnles, others with Zanterns stood on the bridQe approach guidinq ioqs �etween the bents of the bridqe a�proach so th�y woul.d not jam. I was a small k�oy tnen liv.ing aThere the Ames Hardware stare now is. Which was one i�lock fro►n the dam and across the street frnm the bridge. It was sb dark we could not see much, but the shoutinq of inen, the roar of turbulent a�aters ana the l�oo�ning of the loc�s at the dam will never be foraotten hy those heina therA on that t�ectic nzgh�. It was Zearned the next day that a tree, lim�,s anc3 all had been k�lown into the stream abave Erwin's Mi1Z coming down stream to the hoom, choked the narrow sortinq_ passage way and stopped the run of logs, th� boom finally hrake loose and with a hunch of logs hore down onto tf�e Johnsan boom tEarinq it loose and freeing the imnounded Zoqs. The Lichty mill operators caucrht the runaway lags an the Puddinq River flats and bought therrt. The Johnson and F.lk mfll moved to the Silvertian Ni.11s and the �rwin mill soon passed to several different owners. The Johnson and Flk mill �roduced 500,000 feet of ]�umber at its riew location in 58 1895. Fleven years later the F,rwin mfll again suffered a similar disaster, As the Si�verton Ap�eal recounted the events on �Tanuary 19, �9�1, heavy rains and "melting snow transfarmed Silver Creek inta a raqing river. I,aggers went up the creek Iast week and Zoqs rec�an passinp Saturday evenina. They were an abject af considerahle znterest as they were borne alonq by the rushinq current. It was thought that Irwin's sawma.11, rrow owned by Gtalker and Arnet, would float away Monday marninq. " 'I'he machinexy was moved to hiq?� qroun�i but the loc�s whi.ch caused the flaoding around the mi.�l alsa crowdec� into it anc� preventerl. it from being carri�d away. Between �pril 13, 19D1 anc� ,7uly 13, Z9�Z, F?. R. Smith aro�ie �notner i3i,4i8 reec oi w�ite, yeilaw, and red fir logs from his Zand to the sawmill of R. D. Arnett on the north hank of silver Creek into Silverton. In 1903, however, his mi�.i was sold to the C3nion Liqht and Power Company who began to transform the site from a sawmill to a power generatina plant, Despite such catastrophies, s�,lver Creek continued ta sustain log �lotation during the first years of the twentfeth century as is borne aut by company 2 r� registration of their �og marks with the Marion County Clerk under terms o£ the 1�91 "Act ta Protect the Title af the Owners of FZaatinq Loas, Timber and Lumber." Wil�iam H. Frwin r�gistered his marks to ba used on �i�ver Creek on November 22, 19p0, a few month before the ahove damaqe to hi5 milZ. John Lichty en�ered his Mark for Silver Creek and its tributaries on septe�ber 28, 1903, and A. M. Ross of Portland, "dozn� a generai, sawmill lOQql�q and Iu�er business uQon Silver Creek and its trihutaries and upan Puddinq River", reqist- ered his mark an Nove�ber 20 of tre same year.F As tor the actual portians of SiZver rreek which sustained these laq drives, we have noted above that �TOhnson an� 5on �ere �Ioatina �oas down fram the Porter place at either RM B or 9 of 5ilver Craek in 1886-87. Circuit Caurt cases in Marion County from the first d�cade of this century qive more details about the actual river miles of Silver Creek over which loq drives occurred. Between 4cto�er 1, 1897 and December 1, 1900, W. R. Smith drove 1,239,140 feet of fir saw logs from his land at RM 12 of Silver Czeek to the Johri Lichty mxll on the Puddinq R�ver below Silverton where the Silverton-SaZem Road crosses the Puddinq (Rlul 49.6). The loqs were put into Si]ver Czeek at Smith's property on Silver Cxeek (Fiq. 7). �uring 190I a witness in the same case said tihat he had counted 1,4�I fir saw loas in the Lichty locp ppnd an the Pudding Ri�er which had heen delivered on cilver CXeek �y Smith.� In Union Li ht and Power Co. v. John Lichty (92 �r 563) it w�s establishe� that Lichty owr�ed 1400 acres of timber in th� headwaters area of Siiver Creek. In order to ge� his logs tio his mill in Silve�ton he built two sQlash dams, the first six miles upstream of the p��r campany dam at the site of the a1d Frwin sawmi�l. As that dam was at RM 6 af Silver Creek, Lichty's lower splash dam would have been at RM Z2 of �ilver Creek. C, td. Rrown, mem}�er of the firm operatinq the Silveacton I.ight and Water Co., also on Silver Creek, testifi�d 21 � . �'". � N �« .�" : °I �, w �';' : � . ��.���:.. � Q �'�r � ��l �° ^� �>° "i �'� a �, � �`"r.- , ;: r° ! � � 5�.�'I "� � .W � ���M�� . µ �� . ?�� m _� � a�,..,. _�k M ,�✓� _ �, '�;?�T �� ��h ,px' .w > . , � r�+.' / w �_ x � � � ,:�Y a �' ��''�," � � �srr� � � ,x� . � . 2 �. .__ � k � .y , �,� - "��a r � � .� ��� d�1 �[+.+,.>r.'( ��,�. � , .. . ��� � �+� ..- d :.1 � . �, m, ... m._� a � "*+. � � �,. "�r � �' `� �, � ,��r-s � ,� � ��� � � � -, � �•, .. � �• 4,� ,, . �-. .� �� P ,� � .; � '�. �. "� . �. � . �,�� . .. 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' r� ; � r F� ::. , :. a �' _.`, '� s ±.�, e . �� � � �°'�� � �# °'�" � = , �' �'� � 4 �' r • ' E'1 <�i� �� , ��r ' ` -`; .��Y� ti�„�=.�=.'��4 : � � _, � r� �. ,� f ,; � „ �' �, f .� �;, � '!� � �: � � . '��.,-.rk�� .���� � � r ,; � ;;,, .�_: R ,, ,.. � ., M t � it1 t.� i i .1 ��F .�' ' `: '� . ,. -� , ,/F � ye.:� ;*�� :,y...' � 1 that: for ten miles ar more above the city of Silverton, and to within two miles of Silverton the cr�ek flows throuqh a canyon, and has high banks and a rocky be�.....durinq the winter freshets �t is not always practicable to float 2oqs �own the creek on acco�nt of the rapidity af the stream, and that while ioqs can be floated on the winter an� spring freshets �hey cannot be so prafitably floated as by means of flood dams. That if the channel was clear�d of obstructions the loqs could he easily floated on the winter freshets, hut the sxpense of cl�arinq thF chann�l woUl� h� so Qreat as to make it impractica�le. Lichty said essentially the same thinq in his statement of. Auaust 1, 29�2, but adde� that he had been "in the lurnber and loqai�Q bus�ness in the vicinity of Silverton far the past 13 years" and that he had: floated loqs at different seasons of �he y�ar durin� s�ch time more or less, the largest portion of which came from below where my lower dam is now lacateti, and that it is very difficult and expensive to f�aat lags down Silver Creek in the winte� time on account of the rapi�ity of the stream and the numerous obstructiqns, and that for the �ast 3 years i have been unahle to net my 1$�s down the creek on account of there not being suffzcient water. On �ew Year's Day i904 Lichty was killed while releasing the flood �rom ane of his newly-built sp2ash �ams, and the followinq Geptemher his sans sold the lumbering operation and Puddina Rzver_ sawmil� to 7phn G. I.,ais.�� fihe latter became invoZved in a water use s�it, decided fn 1968 a�d �rouqht �y L. Ames, owner of a Sash and Door Facto�y in Silverton. �he findinvs bf fact in this case established that: at reqular occurrin� peria�s in time durinn the fali, winter an� sprinq freshets Silver Creek fs naviaahle £or the �urpo�� pf floatinq saw logs from the headwaters thereof ta his mil� at Silverton but said Silver. Creek for a qreater part of the way €rorn its source ta within two miles easCerZy of fiilverton f3ows through a canyon and �he only means of outlet ta sai� timber is by floating the same down said creek. That said 5i�ver Creek has be�n used as a highway far floating locss t� west of the City of Silverton for more than ten years prior to the cortvnencement of this suit. That a�l loqs in the said Silver Cre�k and in defen�ant's storage pond are Zoqs floated from the headwaters o��sai� creek to defendant's mi�i ta be manufacture� into lumber. 35 I.ais contiinued to drive locFs on Giiver Creek from RM 14 to �i�v�rton a�ikh the aid of two splash dams until 191� when he was enjdined �y the co�nty circuik court in a suit brought by Partland Rai.lway, Liqht and Electricity Com�any for continuing the practice 6 By that time a narrow gauge rail� way, opened in 19D6 and extende� th�reafter, was vsed to �ring timber from the Silverton Hills to the large sawmills in that city h The a�ove evidence shows from the eaxly IABQ's until �9�3 the unaided flaw of 5ilver Cr�ek was used for the transportation af saw loas fxom its P.�; 12 to its mouth and fro� there ta RM 48.6 of the Pudding �iver. From �903 to 1910 �ilvex Cr�ek continued to support log drives over the same section, but durina this period drives �itilized the suQport of splash dasns. There were �ater periods of locr driving on the Pudding Fiver and its tributaries during the year 1925-30 and aqain into the I940's. �tr. Ed Bisanz of Silverton rememb�rs d�ivznq loas durina the former years from below Rock Creek to above Aurora an the Pu�dinq all the way to the wil�amette Rive� where they wer� raft�d and went to mills in Portland. mhe logs caFne from various lando�,mers alonq the river �nd were genera�ly cut an� rolle� into the river durinq the summer. h�enever the river r�se in th� fail and while the water remained high, they would Chen he driven to the mouth of the Puddina-t�olalla R.ivers. During the hiqh water loas were often swept ashore an the more rapid flawina Molalla nurinq the same years he alsa drove Zoc1s to the .TO� �isher sawmili on Rock Creek for ahout three or faur seasons. This could only be done at the hiqhest stages of the �ater fram necemher thro�Qh March. Logs were taken �own Pock Creek from szx to ten �i�es ahove the mill. Dvrina the svmmer, when the loc� supply qot low in the creek, �ogs were brouaht to the mi�l by horse team and then by truck. ��ater transport was essential for these johs �oth because they lacked Zarqe trucks and the fact that the so�l in the area was only firm enouqh for land carraiqe du�zna the summer manths. 36 In the la�e 1930's and into the 4n'�, 5am r�iller ha� a smail sawmf.11 near R� 17 of the Pudding River. Frank Fabert, who lives next �oor to the �ziis�t� narth of Whiskey Hill, recal�s hel�inq �rive �oas for three ar four seasons ta their mill from a paint re�ota the mouth o� Ru�te Creek (p.M 2�}, The drivinq was �one in late sprina or summer as Mr, Fohert rememhers wearina a bathing suit durina the drives. Thu� to the area af loq trans�ort on Gi�ver Creek should �e added 19.7 miles of Butte Creek, 10 mi�es of riock �reek, and the Pud�inq River frdm its mouth to FtM 2H. �� ether laas weze floated on the Puddinq between RPR 48.h and 26 carinot be establishe�. A section of Abiqua Creek ahove its RM R.8 was also used during several years for �o� fZotation. 37 SUMMARY 'Fhe i��olalla Ri.ver was used by a variety of lumher compana.es to drive saw Iogs and railraa.d ties from RM 26.3 beginning before J.904 and ending in 1916. Ther� was a Ionger and heavier period a� log driving on Milk Creek from i�s RM 18.5 to RM 3 of the Molalla at Canby ur►til after 1913. 'S'he 5tate would �herefore seem to have graunds to claa.m navigability in fact far the Nlolal�a to RM 26.3 and for Milk Cre�k �o its RM 18.5. The actual navigation of Yhe Pudding River and its tributaries gresents two problems of Zegal interpretation to the Land Board. In the first glace one of the two sources regarding steamhoat navigatian of the lower t�:n miles of the x'a.ver states that this was aniy possibZe when the Pudding occupiec� a separate cha.nnel trom th� Molalla, thouqh it is likely that the Mo1a�1 was the riv�� that depar�ec� from the two s�reairES' present comrron entYy into th� Willamette. '�he second prnblem is that the poztion of the Pudding R.iver sy'stem �hat sustainer� �he h�aviest and most continuous log c3riving - Silv'er Creek - was not contiguous with the othex navigable portions of that river. �`he facts o£ navigability for the Puddinq River are: 1} s�eamboat use during the spring of 1860 from fihe mou�h to RM 10; 2) log driving �rom RM 48.6 to RM 12 ot �i3ver Creek for at least �a� decades be�are 1°03 wit� unaided � stream flow and for seven years thereafter with the assistance of splash dams; 3} Butte Cxeek was driven from before 1887 to 190b ov�r i�s lower 19.7 miles; �}) PudBina River itself was used for log drives during various years fram before I897 to the �9�0's from at least RM 26 to its mouth in the Mo�.a11a and WilZamette Rivers; 5) Rock Creek was dxiven both at the turn at the century and again in the 192Q's and 30's over its iower 10 miles; 6} small portions of Coal and High Hi1.ls Creeks were a�so used for log t�otation as was a portion of the Abiqua above its RM 8.8. 38 F�OORNOTES 1. Lewis A. McArthur, Ore on Ge ra hic Names, 4t� ed. (Portland: Oregon Historical. Society, 197�), pp. 499, 604. 2. State Water Resources Boar�, Willamette Drainage Basin, Map No. 2.6 ESalem, I964). This map and U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey sectional tnaps have beer� used throughout this seport to establish river railes from manuscript descriptions of geographic locations. 3. U.S. Geological Survey, Water Resources Data for Qregon, Water Year 1977 Water-Data Report OR-77-1 (Portlanc3, 1978), pp. 357-58; pregon Fish Cammissivn, Research Divisian, �nviranme Sur v� Report P�rtaininq to Salmon and Steelhead. I I. Surv� R�r of the Wiilamette River and�its Trihutaries, by R. A. Wil.lis, M. D. Collins, and R. E. Sans (CZackamas, 1960}, pp, 201-41 has the �ul�.est account o£ the streaa� bed charact�ristics of the Mo].alla, Puciding, and their major tributaries. 4. Water Resources Data, 1977 pp. 359-60. 5. Clackamas County Coirtmissioners Journal A, p. ].I4, cit�d in Federal Writers Project, Historical Records Survey, Box 66, No. 3, Folder II, B, "Canby", University of Oregon La.brary, Eugene. 6. Vera Martin Lynch, Free Land for Fxee Men, a Story of Clackamas County (PortZand: Axt],ine Print Co., 1973), p. 239. � 7. Transcript of W. T. Hibbard interview, 1976, by Oreqon Historical Saciety staf£, OHS, Portland, pp. 14-15. e. Charles W. Hardy, Ea rly History of Molalla, Ma�le Grove, Russellvil�e, Calton and other Nearby Areas (Molalla, 1969), p. 25. � 9. Clackamas County Saw-log Marks, p. 33. 10. Hardy, Molalla p. 24. il. Ibid. 12. Clackamas County Mechanics T,ien Record Book 3, pp. 316-17 C[larkamas] C(ounty] G[aurtl H[ouse], Oregon City. 13. The Calvmbia River and Oregon Timbern�an 7:3 (January i906), p. 5Q; 8_3, p. 32A. 14. Clackamas County Mechanics Lien Record Baak 5, Q. 53, CCCIi. 15. Clackamas Couslty Circuit Caurt Judgment Ro11, No. 13,554, E. W. Hutchinson v W. B. Tu�l Clackamas County Mechanics Lien Record Boak 5, p. 60, CCCH I5. Ibid No. 8754, A. L. Trullinger v James Ac�kins 17. Colur+bia P,iver anc3 �?reqon Timherman, 1:4, 10 {Feb, Auq 1900) , pp. 26, 6r telephone zntervfew with Jess Adkins, May 4, �.979. 18. Ibid., Na_ 5�s05, i4. H. Wheeler v. C. I�. Howard Z9. Ibid., No. 12,821, Al bert Leeson v. Archie no�qan and A. Stefani alias Joe 5tifne � 20. Ibid., No. 9116, 5t of Oreqon v. �scar F�u�t Hardy, Molalla p. 81. 21. I,ynch, Free Land �. 447; Clackamas County Circuit Court Judgement RolZ, No. 15,551, Larsen & ro, v. Hult LumY�er Co . and No. 1b,184, CCCH. �22. Telephone interview with Carl 5wanson, Colton, May 4, 1979. 23. C�ackamas County Ci.rcuit Court �7udqement Roll, No. 13,8[32 and �4,172, J. L. McAnult� anu F. W. �cott v. F.. P. Berdine; Clackamas Caunty Mechanics Lien Record f�ook 5, p. 94; Clackamas County Saw-Ioq Marks, p. 62. CCCH. 24. TElephone interview with Jay Massey, Oreaon �]ept. of F'ish and Wildlif�, November 2, 1978. 25. Te�ephone int�rview with Boones F'errv �Iarina, Novem.�er 1979. 26. melephone interview with Joe [+]eatherby, breqon Dent, of Fish and k'ildli£e, November 5, 1978. 27 Miara.an] Clpunty] C[ommissioners Court RPCOrds�, lea_9-53, Tp. 153), 1P53-5R, [p. 124], Mari.on Caunty Courthnuse, �alem; Clackamas County Cammissioners Journal F, p. 56 cited in Federal Wr�ters' Project, Historical p.ecords 5urvey, Box hb, No. 3, f�lder ��II B, L?niversity of Oreqon Lihrary, Fuqene. 28. L aws of oreqon, Special I,aws, 1858 p,p. 1�3-5 and see Statesman 22 June 1652 cited in Robert H. !]awn, P History of the Silv erton Countr (Portland: Berncliff Press. 1926), pp. 227, 235. 29. �Tote by �'rank r,, ��ith in the Oreaon Historical Society, Portlanc3 file "Puc�ding .°.i�er." F. G. S:nith was �'ice Presider.t af the Native Sons anc? Daughters of �reQOn in 1933. 3Q, Oregon Farmer, 7 A�pri� 186�, cited in C?regon Historical Saciety *�5S iS�31, I'. B. Gill Collection, Folder 1-13, "Notes, 18f0". 3i. F. G. Smitn note an Puddina �?iver. 32. Down, Silverton p. 223; nreqon Historical �ociety, 1�1fir �F17, �une 17rake Collection, I3ox I, "Lumbering Industry" folder; and see M.D.!]. Court R�cards, 1853-58, IP•47J. 33. �-listorical Atlas rdap of T�arian & Linn Counti (San Francisco: fidgar Williams & Co., 1878), p. 44. � 34. Down, Silver p. 223; M.C.C. C'ourt Fecords, 1859-6f�, p• 325. 35. Flistorical n�ap of ?�larion, �. 39. 36. Clackamas County r�iechanics Lien Record L�ook I, 70, CCCH. 37. HzstoricaZ Man of Marion pp. 2q, 33, 37. 38. Silverton Ag eal, 5 March I887. 39. Down, Silverton p. 234. 40. Marion Cotanty Mechanics �ien Record Boak II, �46, 154, Oregon 5tate Archives, Salem. 41. Drake MSS, "Lumber" folder. 42, Marion County Mechanics Record Baok ZIY, 289; Marion County Circuit Caurt Judge�nent Ro11. No. 8965, Marion Cour�tp Courthouse, Saiean, 43. The Columbia River and Ore on Timberma,n, 8:2, see a�so 7:8 {,��e 19a6), p. 408; e:� (idov i906?. p• 42; 8:3 (Jan 19Q7) p• 32A. 44. Record of Marks Used on Saw-logs, C�ackamas Cvunty Courthouse, Qregon C�tYr la. 17. 45. Silverton Ap eal, 4 March i899. 46. �"he Coluanbia River and Orecton Timberman, S:5 (March 1904}, p. 25. 47. Pacific Coast Wood and Iron, 37 (J.901), p. 21.6, +�8. 7.'he Columbia Rivez and Oregon Timbermar�, 5:2 (Aecember 1943) , p. I1. 49. Te7.eghone conversation with Clark M, Wil�, aged 84, farmer Aurora resident an8 exp�rt an Aurora history now resident of Salem, 2 Nove�nber i97$; map of Aurora !�li1].s Co2ony at Ox Harn l�useum, Aurora; [3. S, 1980 Census of Sawmills, �regon State I,i.brary, Sa].em (Marion County, Aurox�a Precinct) . 50. The Columbia River and Oregon Tzm}aerman 5:6 (April 1904), p. 22; Clackamas County Jndqement Roll, No. 7848, Sac�by v. B�by Lvmbe�r Co. , C2ackamas Caunty Courthouse, Oregon City. 51. Clackamas Caunty Mechanics Lien Record Book III, 284, CCCH; Marion County Judgement Ro11 Na. 8512, Hunt v. Bagby and No. 14,656, Missouri �,oveall v. William Kei�, et al and Heirs, for the location of the Bagby Mill at Aurara. 52. Hardy, Malalla, p. 25; C�ackamas County Circuit Court Judgement Roll No. 8647, CCCH. 53. Homer Davenpart, T�e_Cottsitry Boy (New York, 2910), p. 96. 54. Si.lverton Ap eaZ, 6 February 1886, p.3 ; 2S December 1886. 5S. I�id., i January �.887. 56. Tbid. , �, 11 ,Tanuary 1890. 57. [?rake �fSS, Box I, "FOlkiore" and "Saw Yogs" folders. 58, i895 Marian Co�nty Enummeration, p. 69. 59. Silverton Ap eal, Z9 January 1901. 6b. Marion County Circuit Court �udgement Rol� No. 7622, W. R. Smith v. R. D. Arnett Marion County Courthause, Salem. 61. Drake MSS, "Saw 3ogs". 62. Laws of Oregon, 1691., pp. 84-86. b3, Loggers Marks and Brands, I, 5, 7, 11, Marion County Cpurthouse, Salem. 64. Marian County Circuit Cotart �udgement R�11 No. 7599, W. R. Smith v. Coolid e& McGlain et al, Maz�ian Cpunty Courthouse, Salem. 5S. Ibid., Nn. 780Z. 66. Drake t�SS, "�.umbering Indus�ry"; The Col�ia River and Ore on Timherntan, 6:� (lVovember �9a9), p. 33. 67. Marion County Circuit Court Judgement Rall No. 8763, L. Ames v. John G. Lais Marion County Co�rtihouse, Salem. 68. Ibid 130. 9591. Far labor costs of log driving for Lais, i907�}�919 see Ibid No. 1Q,719, John H. Shively v. �7ohn G. Lais Exhibit "A". 59. Drake MSS, Notebook, Part �I, "Timber Waste". 70. Te�ephone cov�ersation wi,th Ed Bisanz, Silverton, 22 NovemYser 1978. 7A. 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