Santiam River FarnellS A� T I A M R i V E R
N A V I G A B I L I T Y S T U D Y
By
Steghen A. Moser
Engineer Section Stipervisor
DIVISION OF STATE LANDS
February, i977
T a B� E o F c o r� T�� m s
intiroduc�ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Basin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
T:�e Santiam - • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
'Ihe North 5antiam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i2
'I'he South 5antia�n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i7
Ki story . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Svracuse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Santiam City . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Jeffersnn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Sweet Home . . . . . . . . . - • - • - - . . . . . . . - - . 2P
5tavton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Lebano:� . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
L,oq ❑rives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3R
Shipping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Ferries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Recreational Boatina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . BO
5ttrveved Portion of the Santiiasn Rzver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Summa rv . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 9
�,�nendix
Bibiioc�ras�h
�ooks . . . . . . . . . . . . . • - - . _ . . . . . . . 92 "
Ree�rts - Periodicals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
?�ewspapers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • - • - - - . . . 94
�aes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
AQencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
'dotes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
L�ST OF MAPS ArfD ILLUSTRATIONS
HOATS
i]rift boats . . . . . . . . e . a e . . e . � e . � . . R1
�'e��y . . . . . . . . . . . a . . . . . o . . < . a . . 75
S�eamer 'City of Sal�nt" m. a.<,. a,.. o.. a e 57
'�°��� ncxl�ing a "Iin�" of l�qs � . e . . . . < < a . . . 73
CITI�S
Jeffersan (I878 aiapl � . . � . . . . � . a � � � o . � �9
Lebatian ( 387� map� . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Mehama {187A znan) . . . . o . . . . . . . . . . e . , . 23
sweet Fiame E1878 map) e . . . . e . . . . . . . . . . . 23
HORSE LOGGINt; . . . . . . . e . . . . . . . . . . . . a . . 43 , 48 , 55
LOG DRNING . . . . e e e . e . e . . . . . . . . . . . , e 37, 4Z°-45, 5�„ 54
S6 , fi2 , 73
N�f2TF? �r�'�ITYAM Ft��R
�e��it Dam . . . . . . . . . e . . . . . . . � . . . . 8
I.og s�araqe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a . e . 48 . 5� ` ,
Rive� nhotaqrap�s . e . � . . , e . . , e � . . , e . . 13 , 15 , I6 , 3�-36
83, 8�
0�2EGON TE�LRI'T�RY (1852 ma!�) � a , e . . � e . . . o . . , . 24
PEAt7;" GAN�S . e . . . � . . e e . o . . e . a . . . a . . . 37, 45� 5�
SAI�ITL�t BASIN (man} . � a . . . . . . . . . e . < . . . . . �
SAIV�'I�! R��Et
Ca�f�uert�� �i�Y� FTi15�a�et�� Ftiver . . � . < < e . . . . 9
Drainar�� �a�ixY ir�l�ef m��s} . a a. e e<<< e e... 3
I.,�q �3ri�ers . . e e . � e . e . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37, 54
!�!eartde��d �ortion of (ma�} . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
Profi�.e---FZow and grade bv river mile .. e.... o. 31.
S3ooe orafile . . . . . � . . � . . . e e . � . . . . . 6
4�7aitinc7 for water e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a . . e 5fi
SPL.�SH DAM . . . . . . . e . . . . e . e . . . . . . . . . � 50
WILL�EE'^TE AI�1ER
Cor►f�.uence wi�h San�iaffi River e . . . . . . . < < e . . �
I.�g drive . . . . . . o . � o . , a . . . � , . . e . ° 62
LIST OF MAPS AND ILLLISTRATIONS
South Santiam River, Covered Bridqe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Santiam River Qrainage Basa.n, Relief MaQ . . . . . . . . . . . .
Santiam RivEr, Slope Profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5 antiam Bas in , Mao . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
North Santiam River, Detroit dam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Confluence - Santiam and Ldillamette Rivers . . . _ . . . e . . .
Sar�tiam River, Profile F1ow and Gzade by River Mile .......
Nort3i Santiam, River Photo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
North Santiam, River Photo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
North Santiam, River Photo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
South Santiam, River Phota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
i$78 Niap of Jefferson, Oregon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18 78 Map o f Lebanon , Oregon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1878 Map of Swee� Home and Mehama, Oregon . . . . . . . . . . . .
I852 Mao of Oregon Territory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1892 Photo of North Santiaut River . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Eariy Photo a� Narth Santiam River . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ear�y Photo of North Santiam River . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Santiant River, Loq Drivers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
i9�2 Loq Drive Photo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19I2 Log Driv� Photo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19I.2 Loq �rive Phato . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Fhoto - Peavy Gang . . . . . - • - • . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Log Staraqe 5ite Along Santiam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5plash Dam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Loq 5to�age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Loq �rive Crew at Lunch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Horse Loqqinq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
�daitinc� for '�ater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Logs in the Willamette . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5keamer "Citv of Sa�em" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`Pu�s �ullina a "LinE�' of Logs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ferrv . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
�zift Boat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
North Santiam, Ftiver Photo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Narth Santiam, River ?�hoto . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
South Santiam, River Pho�o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Aiao Showinq Meandered Portion of Santiam River . . . . . . . . .
1
3
6
7
8
9
il
13
15
16
IS
19
22
23
24
34
35
36
37
4?_
43
44
45
48
50
Sl
54
55
56
5Z
67
73
75
81
B3
85
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88
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xrrrROOr�c�rio�
Naviqability research on the Santiam River would have been considerably
easier, if not more fruitful, had it heen attempted at least 25 years
earlier.
In my search for eyewi,tnesses or actual participar►ts in iog driving,
shipping, etic., I found most had passed a`aay within the last 50 years.
Generally speaking, their photographs and records had been �.ast, destroyed,
or were unaccounted for.
written matsriai is available; however, areas of specific interest are nat
necessarily covered and are not always concise enough to be considered
useful. Newspap�r accotuZts are g�nerally not too producti.ve, as usinq
rivers anc3 streams for transpartatzon ira pioneer times was consi.dered
normal anc3 evexyday and no� especiaily newsworthy.
I am extre�tely grateful to the tnany who helped me by contrzbutinq ohotos,
written materiai, an� oral interviews. Special thanks for th� oral intex-
views with Archie iCimsey and Leiand Prather, early Santiam River dr�vers,
and Charles "5makey" 5tolles, tugboat ca�atain on the 47illamette and Santiam
Rivezs. Their in�erviews provided the answers to many questions.
2
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5ituated within the Middl� 4lillar,�ette River Basin, the Santiam Su}�basin
is made up of �he total drainage area of the Santiam and Cala�ooia Rivers
as wel� as tihe remaining Midale [�Iillamette drainage Located on the east
side of the river and unstream of the confluence o� tihe �antiam. Totalinq
1,443 sauare miZes, �he 5antiam Subbasin represents approximately 45 �er-
cen4 of the �Sic3c31e S�Iillamette Ri,ver B3sin with the Santiam and Cala000ia
Ri.vers iks major stream systeins.
5trearl qradients �.�ithin the s�nasi.n are understandab�.y variable. They
range �rom �,100 to 290 feet ger mile in the high mountainous araas to
about 62 to 40 feet per mi3e in the lower foothills and anywhere from 16
to 3 feet aer m�le in the low valley areas.
T:�e climate in the Santiam Subbasin consists of warrt, reasona�ly drj
summers and qenerall_y mild, wet winters. Average annual precioita�.ion
is �stima�ed to ranae �rorn a naxi�ur.i of 130 inches alonq tne suirc°��1� of
the Cascade Range--��nicz i�as an e�.eva�.ion at approximately 10,�(�0 feet
at t4t. J'ef�erson--to about 30 inches of precipitatian on *`�e valle� floor-- -
with an elevation ❑r I6Q feet at the contluence of tne Santiar:l anC
Wil2amet�e �ivers. Because of t7e hiqher preci�itation �allzng as snow,
the streams in this subbasin have a longer sustained period ot hiqii Tlow
*han in cor.trast to "the str�ams situated wzthin either �he Pudding or
Coast Ra:�ae subbasins. �
Streamf�ow �atterns of tne 5antiam River systean ref3ec�s the varyinq
4
seasonal precipitat�an aa�terns with t�e low flow� occwrz�q during the
�vnths of 3une thrnugh Octobe� and hig� �Iew� prevailing duzing the re�
maining c:�onths. 'Phe stsea�zs usua�iy s�art receiding toward mina.�um flaw
s�me�i�e Late �n t��e man�1� �� �uT� an� c��itinue ia� thi� �ow f.�ow c�ndi,tion
thzauqi� the month o� Sep�ember< Fluctuating water 3evels during bo�h high
and law �low periods �ri�l great3y depea�d on the precipitatzon patterns
and ground saturatian.
�'lood cantrol and wate� storage nee�s are presently handled by three wate�
resenrairs and z�la�ed dams lo�a�ed in the Santiam River syst�n. The
�reeza Peter �acate� caa� t:�� t�[idd3� Santia�, t}ze �`�ster pzgject �oca��d on
the Sontri Sant�am, and De�oit (Hig Cliff Requiato�y) Iocated on the
�iort� SantriaAS. T$�e Green Fetez nroject on �he MiddJ.e Santiam wa�
ConqressionaT�y auttaorized in 1938. Const.ruc�ion was comAieted in
October of I966 with it� principa�. function being to regulate the :unoff
from an apgroxirnateiy Z77�square-mile drainaqe ax�a. The resezvazr has a
�70,�C?0 acze-fo�t f�ood co�tr�l caga�ity, Fo�ter was aut3zor�z�d by
�aragress �n �954 anc� c�n�tz�sction w�s c�npleted in i3ece.�ber o� Z%6 e � w
is located on ttxe Souti� 5antia� and its �ribu�ary dr�inage area of 494
scua�ce miles is inc�usiv� of Gxeen Pster and has 30,000 acre-feet of fZnad
�antrc�i storage. Detsoit Reservoix and Big Clia� Dam, located on t,'�e
No�t�Z Santiasa River, a�� si,tt�ated some 48 miles above the �outh and
car�trol t.rakauta� ru���f £rom 438 sq�a�e �les.'
'Pta� ec�s�amy of the a�e�, i� �ased on w�oc� products, lagging, t�u�isa�,
agricul�ure, dairy fa�inq, and manufacturing. �iajor co�mr,unities irs �he
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TiiL sArrTZ�rt
The Santiain River is an important feeder tributary of the WilZamette R.iver.
The confluence of the Santiam with the Willamette is lacated about 23 miles
u�stream from Salem, Oregon, at River Mile (RM? 1�$. Surface wa�er yield
for tne Santiam is b,736,�t�0 acre-feet per year with average �lows at t�ie
mouth of ao�roximately 8,000 cubic feet per second {CFS)6 tow flows at
1,45� CFS, and maximum flows aaproxitnately 50,000 C�'S. Aiver qradients
av�rage� 4 1/2 fe�t per mile in the vicinity of the Lorks (RM 1�.6) to
arounc� 4 feet per mile at .7effersan, Oreqon (�'yl 9.6 at bridge� , and
c�raduating to gen�ler grades i.n the lower reach unti� its confluence with
t�ie t3zllamette.�
The Santiai:� River between tne mouth and R3 11.6--at t:�e forks--is very
similaz in appearance, gradient, and flow to the wil�amette ftiver between
t[arrisbur� anc3 �uqene, Oregon. �iver character remains basicly unchanqed
in the nain s�em wath a noticeable change ta;cinq place at the �orks.
!ierc, the :iort:� and SosSth Santi�s, azth th�i� unsta�le meanderin� featur�=
and hiqn�r gxadients, join tne �nore stai3ie main stem witn broad f�ood-
alains and c:�annel wicit;ts averaqiny 350 feet. -
Tiie Coras of �ngineers presently nold that tne river is navigai�ie iar a
distance oE 9 river miles at .7e��erson, Greqan, �h� main �arctiam's only
comrnur.i ty .
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The North 5antiam River with its headwaters in Lirui County and originating
in the Cascade Range at Mari.on Peak (Mowick and Duffy I.alces ) f lau�s dos�m
a winding course for approximately 90 mi�es before joining the South
5antiam River at RM 11.7, forming the Santiam River.
The North Santiam drains an approxineateiy 735-square--mile area of the
nozthernmost portion of the Santiam S�bbasin.�� Flowing west out of
Mawick and Duffy Lakes, the North Santzam makes a sha:rp bend and continues
in a northeasterly direction until i� converges with !�larion Creek. ?'rom
here it flows northwesterly unti7. it intersects with the Marion/Linn
County boundary and traverses westerly through the City ot Idanha, uniting
with the Breitenbush River in the ksackwaters of the �etrait Reservoir.
From the mauth of the dam, some 10 miles wester�y, i� flows in a manner
contsolled at tYie dam in a westerly direction through the cities of Gates
and :�ill City and continues an ta its confl,uence with its major tributary,
the Iittle North Santiam, just above th� t.owns of Mehama and Lyons. Zt
continues on this westerly course until it reaches the city of Stayton--
tl�ze river's largest cor�miunity--here it, flows zrregulariy and in a
southerly direction to its confluence with the main Santiarn.
Elevations along the Nor�.h Santiam River rnnge fr�m 210 feet mean sea
level (MSI,) at the raouth to approximately 10,4f}5 feet MSL at the st�mnit
of Mt. 3ef£erson. The strea� gradieat of rhe North Santiam averages abo�t
25 feet per mile near t�eha.ma and Lyons, 4zegon, to about 7 feet per mile
near its conf��xence with the Santiam River.��
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e Detroit Iake Sta�e Par3c are only a f ew mi3es upstream.
Ore on St,ate Hi wa Ue rtznerrt Phato 662
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e
THE SOUTfi SANTIAM
The Saut3� Santiam River drains appraximately i sqeiare miles di the
cez�tra►� �rtioa� af northwestern ��egon sit�ated within the Santi�uu► sub3�asin.
The Sautl� Santiani River joins witn t�e Nortr, San�iam just two mi�e� upstream
of the town a� ,Te£ferson. Oregcn. Lilce the Nvrth Santiaia, the South ori�
ginates in tlze high Western Cascades--making un the easter3.y boundary a€
t:�e Willamette Basin--and has its headwa�ars at the confluence of Sevenmile
anc� Squaw Creeks in the souti�eastern portions of the watershed neas° Jumg Off
Je� Mountain.�°
Fro�n its :�eadwaters, sit�at�d in the eastern section of Linn County, the
Seu�x Santiam flows froni an easti-to-wes� directian meandering dawr� boul.der-
�ader� basalti� canyo�s until, i� joins �ts two major trilautaries--tYje
i�i�c3�e Santiam and Quax�zv�ll.e Creeks-�and flows gentiy intio th� Foster
Ftes�rvoir. Contznuing in this straight and swiFt-�3owin.q manner until it
reach�s *_he *_awn of Swe�t Home,� ths rive� e?evatior,s wz.11 �rop fror� abaut
4, bOG� E�et to 514 feet� in a 3�.-mioi� stretc:�, r2su�.ting in an averag� grad�ent
a� 1�3 fee� �er mile.�
F�o� �he communi�y af 5weet, Home to the mflu�'�, �:�e river c:�a�acter contrasts
greatly �ait�i tt�e 25-atzle section above th� �ese^roir� Heza the river
meanders thr�ugh braa� alluvial valleys and Low °oothills fallowing a:�orths
w�sterly direc�ion, pragz�ssively making i�s way *_o broade� �nd fiatee�
�o�ogra�hy west o� Swe�� fiome. :his valley d�versian continues, b�oken
o^Iy by a�ew but�es as it descends a gradual F:uc�uating pa�tern af ox�aws,
snarg �enc3s, asid old �verflow channeis. Stream 7radients range fro�
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5�,�( 50r`J F'� FT TO AN ,lrVC�-i
HISTORY
Recognizinq that we cari learn about the development of transportation
systerns of the early pioneers by studying the gradual transition from
undeve�oped land into tawnsites and communities, I feel that it is impor-
tant to take a brief Iook at �.he early history of these small conununities
and towns so that we might see the beqinnings of what we take for granted
today.
it is true that the earZy towns along the Santiam lziver never *�ecame large
industrial csnters. A 1ot of them have completely disappeared. However,
into all nf these toWr►s went an idea that warked toward the develapmenL
of arec}ort as we know iC today and many of the 5ma11 towns still remaining
played an imnortant role in this develooment.
The histary of the Santiam River actua3ly began around i830 just north
of Sale.'n in an area known as French Prairie. Frenci� zur crappezs
retiring from the Hudsan Bay Company nad started a settlement there. In
184Z, the non-indian popu3a�ion in �he Wi13.amette Va11ey was approximately
137; nowever, mass insniqration aver the Oreqon T�ail raised this number
to arouzd 6,OQ0 by 1845. As the population grew, the settlements began
to spread out; eventuakly tih2 Santiasn received the attention of the
settlers and towns began to spring up all along the river. Towns such as
3efferson--lacated approxima�eZy 9 miles above tite mouth of the Sa.ntiazt
and its �wa predecessors: Syracuse and Sa.ntiam City, situated about
2 miles be].ow the present site of 3efferson.
20
„ C`�?tACUSE {sic) This town is �ocated on t�e soutkG s�de �£ the
Santzatn in Lznn County. Mi�ton :#ale, E�qo , is c�e prap�iett�r.
It is orxe of th� most neautiful townsite� we have seen, occu°
pying as it does a plateau o� �eautifu� tabielanc3e �t �s at
the head of navigation on the 5aratiam. �,z�y v�ssel tY��� caz�
n�viqa�� tk�e �•dillaz�ette caa� as�er�� �a �ha� o�is�t� T�ae�� is
a� �a� poi�� a c�a�sieie�aY�3e �a31 ia� th� ���er �ff�r�i.ng a
noble wat�r �r��i l�g� e This ��ivileg� �� �e.�r�g a.�tproved by
tYa� en��rgxs,sir�g �i�m of Cons�r �£v�r�s b� �e ��cectior� of
a sa�r and gris� m.��l. In ad�� �ion to these adv�r�tage� ,
5yracuse is in rhe a►i�st af a*s�st, beauti�ul and fe�ti�e
d�strict of the countr�. None more s� i.n O�ego�. Sur-
r�unded as zt is wit.h such ample agricultura� advantages,
it wii3. doubtless enjoy a rapid growt:�, and ere long become
one of ouz handsomes� country villages."�
” SAPIZ' Ir'11�4 C I'1'Y
"�his once orosperous ii�tle �own has now bec�me a thzng of
th� past, anc3 i� anot�er eaeain�le of the �ric�ss��uda� of
fort�rae caused b� *lze marct� of i�provement in �.,�� conm
s�*�uction of railroads. At td�se p��sent time k:���e is but
one residence on the former town site, that of the pro�
prietor of the ferry, wnere acc��nodatians f�r �zave3ers
are to be found. '�hi� �erry is considera}�1� us�d, owing
t� �.Ls beinq th� shor�er route bet�+een Sa��e� aa�d A�bany.
I� i� an the Sa�r�iam Rivez, a�out fi��een ��les £ro�
Sal �re and sama two �.�es :�om Jeiferson."�s
Syracuse was on a claim owned by �t�lton Hale on t.'�e south banlc; anc� San�iam
C�ty wa� n� Samuel S. *iille�r's cla=.,� on �e n��th �xxnlc. Syracase :�as
foundec� in ].84b, Santiarn City was su�veyed and l�id aut as a townsi�e an
Septe�ber 10, 185�, but the piat was not filed until 1857. 9oth Syracuse
and 5an�a.am Ci�y enjoyec� succ�ss ai�h growing popu?ation and lflcal �ndustzy.
However, afte.r what apoeared �� �e a prom�se a� a goad �ut,x�e, bat:� cities
began to succumb ta t�e p�ague of nuz�erous floodsa The flood of Decem�e�,
�86I, was the final b1ow�
"The Saxitiar.� _ose rapidly fron Sunday motning unti� Monday
noon, wh�r� it subsided samewhat; but by 9 a.�a, an Tuesday
it had reached 15 inches hiqher than before, ar�� two feet
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Di�i:ion af Stat� �.ands
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� e I R A i�l Y�� _
higher than ever witnes�ed by residen�� �herso T�e �t�cm��
ar� several mzies wide and a rzse o� a fe� inches gr�a���
increases the voZume o� watet , o "z�
�11 n� �h� f�oods an� �igh waters ha�e worked t� sh��� Che river a 5i�tle
at a time aaid t�day t'�e �ain chaaxr�el of t.�e rive� flows righ� ove� �}x�
former sites of both Syracus� and Sar�tiaM Citye A gravel har in ti�e
middle of the river is t.'�e tombstone that serves as a reminder of these
twa eaziy sett�.ements.`
.7e�ferson, however, had suzvived �he test of tir,te and managed to a;�so�b
most r�f the inhabitants of the former Syracuse and San�ian, City. �effe�son,
havznc� been settled around 1855, was fi�al�y incorporated in 18fi6. 'r7hen
.T�caks Consex fzx's� moved ta �7efferson in 1653, after the flood destr4yec3
�i�s� af Syracuse, }ae tried 7ust about every to draca �eople �o h�s
raew �owri� This �ras not exactly easy as �he ather towns were already
established and had moz� of �.h� cnnsidered necessities of life at that
��e. c,vea�tua�ly, ani13�� s�rang up and aqriculture beca�ce �rospe�'aus
�rid th� towri g�ew. ? 3
"�'he i�zdus�.ry caf 3effersan was af two kinds; warehouses
where the g�ain was stored arra�ting shigment and mslls.
TYae warei�ouses were erected soon a�ter tne �ai�road was
built� Zn 1�78 their capacity was 25,Q00 busheis, and
h�d be�n erected at a cost �f 518,�00. One was arivate�v
o�aned and the other a grange affair. By 1893 the two y
wa�ehouses had h�en en}.arged t� acc�mmodate 75,000 bushe3s
��ckx� Ir� 1�9�, 100 bushel� af wheat were shiao�c� `rom
J�€fe�sanr'°� - -
".7�FFEFZSOI�i
�� a town of about two hundred and sixty inhahitants, and
wnich, far natu�al advantaqes �f locatian, is not e:cce�Zed
by any ane of the stnaller towris in this count�r. It is situated
at the head of navigation on the Santiam River, and al�hough it
has heen questioned rrhether Jefferson could be made a shipping
point for grain, by water, that paint has been decided by the
fact that several steamboats have visited it, carrying aKay
upwards of one hundred tons of �+heat on each occasion. It is
a�so a station on the �regon s Cali€arnia Railroad, which
crosses the river at this point.
"The tawn has very ample co¢�unications by wagon road in every
direction. The first setti�ment in the neighbor�►ood was made
by Mr. ,Tacob Couser in July, 1851, since which period the
increase of population has been slaw and graduai up �.a the
present time.
"I� is a subject of speculation why Jefferson, with a.ts
facilitzes of communication, Lransportation af produce, etc.,
has not made greater proqress than she displays today; the
country in the n�ighborhood is fertile and well settl.ed, with
quite a large area of fine agricultural country naturally
tributary to it.
"As a manufacturing piace, it has excellent advantages of
a�undant water power, Which can be utilized to an alm�st
unlimited extent. At tl�se present time there is a canal
abaut two and a half miles �ong, w�ich brings to the city
a quanti�y of water equivalent to say two hundred and fifty
horse power, and r�hich, by a moderate autlay, could easily
be enlarged so as to double, �r even tzeble, the quantfty
of water at present flowing in it; the present canal cost
about $4,fl4d in its construction. This enterprise of
increasing the water power �ias been initiated, but has
be an defezred for �he present.
";tte :nanufac�aries at �resent in 3efEerson ase. A fine
flauring mill, owned by Corhett � McClay, of Portland,
C. F. Pfluger being the resident agent; �.here are three
run of burrs, and it has a capacity of about two lnundred
and fifty barrels in twenty-faur hours; there is also
machinery for the manufacture of oatmeal.
"Saw and �laning mills, owned by A. Smit�, is a fzne miil,
uith excellent faci.lities for dainq a�l classes oF work;
�« `�� u Ny3;;o� � ��rnl 1 c��r ; Ptr _; and does a suCCess ful
business.
"Chair factory, Mr. Metzler, proprietor. This estab-
lislvnent can turn out from three �o four thousand chairs
in the year. There i.s also a fanning mill factory in
to�r►, which manufactur�s hand mills for farmers' use;
also, cleaners for warehouse purposes.
2b
"Jefferson hosiery, ar�med by Dickenson �,�erguerise�, w�xg
azected at a cost af $Id,0�0�
"3efferson Institute, is a char�ezed schooi, and Eias an
eaeee�le�at repuLat�,��: i� has an esidowmen� fu�� o� 56,000,
aa�� t�as ussaaily abc�ut ane hundre� and te� pupi�s �n t,he
r��:��. 'I�e�e i� a�i�out one h�dr�� �cres o� laa�c� wk�ir.h
�S��ta�s to th� �nstitut�. aad or� r+h�ch t�� buil���
stands.
"Tha mill warehouses, of which Mr. C. F. �flnqe� is
aqent, have a capacxty fer storage o� about twessty-�iv�
thousand bushels; they are well and stronqly built, and
CgS't 3bOtt� $9,000 each. Thexe is aZso a granger's ware9
house on the riverside, of Which �7ohn Bryas�t is Superi.ntend�t.
°Thez� are ak�ut oxse hundred and fa.fty tizousand bushels
of whea� annu�lly shipoe� fro� tktis p�aceo T}z� pr�san�
pognlation of Jeff�rson is a�a�z� ts� hundxed."�
when Conser first established Jefferson (then known as Canser's Ferry), t�ie
or�ly road was a tiragcn trail between 5yracuse aaid Jef�ersaz�. The year 18�4
marked the first surveyed road With athers later connecting .7ef�erson Wits�
Syracus� and Bro�vmsville, the willamette River in 1859, on� northea.st zn
Z860, another with the Sale�5uh3.imity road fn 1854, and one that connected
wit� �he Salem-��aena Vista road in 1�7�<
In 186� Ci�ree companies : The Oregon and California Rati�road Company o f
Saleta, �he dregon Central Rai�road Cam}�any of Sale�, and the Ozegon and
Caiiforni� Land Campany gurc�rased the zights°of-�+ay Eroia the local peaple��
and or� N�ve�b�r 27. 1870, the first txain� steazned irito Jeffersan.
'i"� roa�d�, schools, ferr�, and mi3.�s we�e said to have been the reasan
,7af���scsrs gx�ew, wha�tev�r the reason far its qroxth, new trnr�spor�ation
systesn� eliminatEd th� need �or the city's wa�ehotlses resulting ir� t.�ie
reroutinq of the main transportatian stops to other areas. A ta.mely
proqression of events from the stagecoach to the riverboat, the riverboat
to the railroad, and the railroad to the automobiie and truck iines Ieft
Jef£erson standing in the background as pragzess moved on.
SWEE"� HOME
Sweet Home's beginning came wzth the establishaeent of its post office in
1874 and faliowed by the incorporation of the city in 1893. Situated in
the foat3�ill,s of the Cascade Mountains along the south bank af the 5outh
Santiam F2iver at approximate�y RM 45 {just 5 miles beloW the Faster
Reservoir}, Sweet Hnme dnas managed to survive a series of adaptive stages
of new immigrants as we�l as new modes of subsistence. its nafae has also
taken on several changes. Evalving originally fram "Pilgrirn Camp" to
"Mossville" to "Sugartown" and finally "Ssaeet Home."�
In the early days before its sett�e�sent, Sweet Home was used as a base
ca�p far bands of Indians that collec�.ed to trade or hunt. Later {�.850s},
settlers included immzqrants from Missouri escaning re2igious discrisninatian.
Culture during this period af time was cen�ered around small agriculture
and i�usiness. Agricultuz�e being the primary rnode soon gave way to logging
and its practices that resuited far many years in the exploitation oF the
forests ny brawn and individual efforts of robust laggers. This misuse of
rhe forests con�inued until arovnd the i92fls when the new, modern methads
of logqing and milZzng took over. creating an industry that today, combined
with the attzaction of the reservoirs, pravides an economic as weZl as a
28
�ec���iongl potential that s�imulates and saaae+st�t guar�n��e� cora�inu�l
c��c9r+th fv� Chi.s cc�amunity.
„� ��' n
"SWeet Ham� Pxecin�� is sit��e� 2��twee� Srus� �x�elc Precinct
an� �l�terlov. T2,e region arourid is of � m�un�airious charact��,
in general, uith a nvmber of charsiing lit�3� vaileys nestled
her� and there, There are numerous uplands that a�r� q�od
�arsninq las�ds .
"'Phe Vfllage 4f SWeet Home is of unpretending disnensions.
It is situat� in the valley bf �he same na�, which is of
arb oval shage, about two miles long by one and a ha�.f vid�
and of nate:3 fer�.i�ity.
"'I7�i� vicinity �c�asds in the m�st ci�a�mixtg lar�dscapes 9 no�
th� least o� rai�i�k� a�s t�xat csf t.txe �1.tt1� �1I�� it�el�, in
its attire cs� ��r8�. cuTtiv��.io�, n�s��,ed cosxly ixx the
mid,st of frowning timber-c�ad hills, With a fine back�ound
of ruqged mouritaiai rasige and snow-clad sua�i�, furnished
by the Ca�cade Range �n the dist.an��.
"�3�though the vil.lag� is of sm��l �imesasiaaa�, there is
consi�era2a�e b�ssiriess dane, ma�t �f whi�h is s+ith A�an�.
T�e W�llamette Valley and Ca�cade Mountain Road p�s�
tY�ougi� here, t.he talZgate of which is at the eas� end
of �.he vailey. fih� locality rras originaTly settled by some
!�lor�on�, who built a church, and fo� same t.i�e thr�ve. but
int��n�� dz�sera�ioz�, ��qe�er with the i.ryflw� af a Genti�e
��arxlat�ort i�a tki� a�e�giibor�caad, caused m�s�� of t�e� to
leav� P r,cid �e r�iras�c� ones hav� ala��t �os� t.�eir
rei�gioua identi�� in the consmunity �'
STAX�PI
Staytasx cau�d be classified historically as an i.m�o�tant service city ta
the sich z�c�icu�,tura� area of th� iower North San�ia� r't.`�ver vai�ey asad ��a�
logging and timber pracassinq concerns af t'�� ��a�ae� cany��i� £,c�ca�ed soa��
18 mi$es southeast o� Sa�em and situated on �h� Aiarion Coun�y �aaa3� �� �he
Nort4s Santiam River a� appraximateiy RiY! 29, Stayton is 31 mg�es d�wns�reazr
from Detroit Da� arid Reservoir and about ZO �il.es east �� tlz� c�nfluen��
of the Santiam wit� the willamette River.�
The towri's founder, Drury S. Stayton, established a flour mill and sar�►mill
around 1870 along Miil Cree3c. He first nazned the settlement Fiorence, £or
his dauqhter; ttow�ver, the townsite of six blocks was platted i.n 1872 and,
i.n hzs honor, the communi�y's name was changed to Stayton.
By 1875 approximately 20 families had located in Stayton; by tihe time the
co�unity was incozparated in 1891, the papulation had qrown to over 3Q0.
Besides the flourmi2l and sawmil,i, the indezstzies now included a wool
carding mill, a chair �actazy, a furniture piant, and a door and sash
factory.34 °
Today Staytan continues to be an attractave community with good schoo].s,
churches, shops, and diversified industrial opesations, as well as the all
important �laseness of attiractive reczeational activities. A�1 of these
factars serve to maintain Stayton's c�ntinual growth--r+hich. although it
coul�' not be described as a boom condition, is steady.
"S�'AYTON"
"This flourishing town was laid ou� in L872, although a store
had been started in 1871 by Mr. w. H. Hobson, so that it is
cause £or prid� on the par� of its citizens thati, notwith-
Gtanr3ir1Q its rer_Pnt origin it has so early pushed iLself
into the faremost z'ank af manufacturing and business towns
in the County of Marion.
"The sawmili erected by Mr. D. S. Stayton in �870 is a very
fine one, and cost the sum of S12,OOfl; iLs capacity is ten
thousand feet af lumber oer day; this mill was, as it were,
the nucleus araund which clustered other ma.nufacturing
interests.
30
"'rt�e cana� r+hic� su}��ali�� M�11 Creek its D�i..ncipal volume
�f water beqins at thi� pl�ce on tiYe Santiau► itiver; it
�i]cewi�e �upplies ot�xer �i�ct�e�, which ttie farsners in the
vicis�i�y use f�r irriga�.i�n and st�ck pexx`poseso Of aT�.
tkie numexous fine locatioaxs for manu�actuxing �urpases
iai w�i�i� Ma��on �c��a�ty �a�nd�. fewr offer su� abundant
��ci1.�t�,e� as S���t�ra� e�i� wa�er sup��y is ala�os�
��,���e�e '�he�� i,� a� �xcexlen� flvu�ri�ig mill in
o�e�°��ior�. wg� t.k��� r�xn af burrs; a ct�aa.� £actaxy.
I,�igk� & Ca., pr�pri�t��s, a furnitur� �a����y, awned by
t�i� �,� . F� . Tho�s ; a�s� , a sash and door factory , bY
�1,�r7c &�ompar�y. �t� is w��l sup�lied Wit� ci�urche� .
�c�ic�ls, hatel�, et�_ , wi�x se.reral er�terprising busi-
n��s houses. TI�e Ioca��on af t�is act�ve littie towri
is qu�te pleasant, be�g c�sily planted a� the �a�e
of t�s fa�t.hill� af �.t�� Cascade �iouaitains, ors �se bank
�f t.kg� n��rth �vr3c a� t3ie �aritis� Rfver, and is about
niza� m�,les �a �� northeas� af Marion Sta�ioz�e �kae
nopulatioxa is a��u� ttixee �undred. Among t�ie first
��t�.i�x� we�e M�ss��. �� Sa Staytnr�, Ge We C�ic�
.� ��i o Ttt�az�� .� � �7e Trson�� P�t< H� Hobsan . W< Wti��e}r.
��a Se Da �e�a�ley, .�o P. Qu��ner."
L�BAPION
�.ebanon, �oca�es3 aTonc} tize Sout3z Santiam River at R�f 30, uas founde� in
1847, 12 yEars Y�efoxe Qregan ga�ned statehood. The axea naw called Lebanon
wa� c�n.c� referx8c� �� on ea�ly ��s as "Pet�r��n Gap� " Ia�s fact, the hill
j��� a fe�r mil�s southwest of tYa� towx€ i� sti�� ca3led "Pet,erson's Bc�tte"
and was part o£ th�t oriqinal claim.
.7erem.ial� Ralstan, the towr� founder, platted tl�� tow� anci gav� z� tn� p�e�sent
rxame. I� is said he na�ed tti� ��wn I.ebano� beca�ase of h�s t�ometorm o�
I�eflari�� , Tessnessee, and because t3aere were sa many cedar �ees by tk��
�iv��° t3�at i�t made hi.m r�a�}e of �� Sib�i�al �efe�ence ta t�� ceda�s of
I�ebanon a 38
Lebanan's industrial beginning was said to have come .:�out in the 1890s
with the building of the first paper mill. Originally, because of the
plentiful fields of grass, cattle were the nsain commodity. In fact,
Lebanon was known for a while as a cattile town. Even�ually, both flour
and lumber mills were built, but because of transportation problems, they
were forc�d to remain small. The building of the Lebanon canals zn t�e
'80s sparked industrial growth. Before the railzoad extended into Lebanon,
grain and other exports were shipped to Albany on these canals. The
canals also served to supply power to operate the mills built along the
way.
��LEBANON
"Lebannon district was original�y calied Kees' Precinct; it
is on the east of Albany Precinct. Among its first settlers
we note �lr. J. I�alston, Margan Kees, 3acob Kees, Wsn. Ra2ston,
Luther Elkins, John Bland, Asa Petezson, Willia� Gore. The
� first elections were held in the 1848, at the house of
Mr. �forgan iceas, which stood on the present village site of
Lebanon. in this year the precinct palled about thirty-
eight votes. its judges were Mr. Morgan Kees, .T. Ralston,
and Wi��iam Gore; the clerks were Elinor Galaher and Asa "ri.
Petezson.
"At this neriod in the early history of th e county, the
peop�e generally were engaged in stock raising, tha�. beinq
at the time the most lucrative business availa.ble, as the
price of cattle was high, and thare was abundan�e af the �
finest pasturage everywhere. In 1851, the name of the
precinet was changed to Lebanon, and it was abou� this
time that the Villaqe of Lebanon was co�enced. It stands
on the land formerly awned by Jeremiah Ra,lstan, wha had
the town plat s�rveyed and recorded. •i•he zirs� sL�r�
was started by Messrs. J. and William Ralston, in 1a53
Mr. Leland built a store.
"ihe vi�lage has a very pleasant locati.an at the junction
of tne AJ.bany prairze and the timbered lands bardering
the south fork af the Santiam River. The suzrousiding
country is very fertile and well sett�ed up. The Albany
and Sasitiam Canal commences a short distance from town,
32
whicka faxrnz�hea a c�edp mod� af trasispor�ti�s� in Y���s �ra
Albaxay .
"'I73� Santia� Acade�y, wk�ic� is und� th�� au�tpics� �� tka�
M�tk��dist Epi�copal� Ch�sr�h, is oa�� o� �e prisfcipa� in��i�
t�xtioa�� ir� �� couri�y. �t wra� f��ded � 1�54 P P�fe�s�r
I�a W�w�d ta�iabq i�� fir�� pg��ipasi: �� ge�at�� at
�a�e��� offi��ag�aa� iz� �a� �apaci� z� Fr�f�ssa� Lo �7.
�i��rt. 'P'��s is agi ex��l��r�� irxsti�ut.ia�, ari� worthy
af 1i19era�. pat.ronagee
"T'tiere is a gacad flourinq mill. � o�daaed by Mess�rs ..Tonat.k��
Wassam. John Li�Li�. Ric�ia�rd Chea�Ie, and Jam�s L. Coreere;
it has three ruxi of stone r+ith a ca�sacity o� 160 bar�els
of £loux per day. Th�e is alsa an exc�ller�t sa►st� �nd
�la�z�inq mi11 o�med b1r t�. S_ A. Nickerson; bca�h of these
wozles are run by vrater power. 'Ph�re ar� thre� txa�els ia�
�� towr�, anc� tau��xess hou��� of �l� lrizids. It c� also
k�oa�� af � fin� h�3,3.� rr���h was rec�t�y bu�lt� by' th�
L��oa� C���ra�� �ar�de '��s t� b� �'a�aually vis���d by
ra���s o� ge��l� c� r�u�e t� �.Y�� ���� ra����s af Soda
5p��g� o �"isi� L�l�ce , arid vaz i�v�s �ixi�s ic� tk�e ad j acez�t
�ur�taa.�s. 'I'Y�er� is� a dail� stage lin� frv� I�1}aarsy.
'i'�Ze Fre� Mason , O�d Fe��oi+s , and Grangers have lodges
ir� the town. Tt�ere a�� alsa sev�ral churches arjd a
�azi�som� cemeter7r . 'I�� io�al trad� i� estima.ted to
�e�ci� SI���000. I�s �reserit papulatinn i� a�out fou�
hundred."
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IAG DRIVES
"NEWBERG, OREGON - Z'tie Chas. K. Spaulding I.ogging Company
recently c3isposed of pracLically a half interest in their
co�npany and are �areparinq to extend the sphere of their
operations. Tt�e company has made a proposition to the
citizeas of Newberg to erect a sawmill of 100,000 feet
daily capacity if the city will build a track to their
millsite on the willamette £rom the Southern Paci€ic
track at New�erg, a distance of a littte over a �aile.
'Pt�e citizens are working with entusiasm on the propo-
sition. T'he company has its dri.ve WeII. underway and it
is expected to reach Newberg by abaut September 24. The
drive cansists af some 9,000,000 feet o� cattonwood,
rahite, and yel�ow fir. The drive is sorted at Newberg
and the cottonwood and white fir are ra�ted and farwarded
to the paoer mzlls at Qregon City. The logs are cut along
t2se Willamette and Santiam Rivers and some are driving
over a hundred miles. Last year, logs were driven, zn
some cases, a distance of 200 miles."
Today, log trucks and railroad cars carry to waitiing mills harvested logs
from the forests of t�e Santiam 5ubbasin. Eighty years or mare ago, the
waters of the 5antiam Valiey were the princi�al, if not the only, a�eans
af transgorti.ng �ags to the sawmills.
The use of the Santiam River for the transportation of Zogs most likely
dates back to the time white settlers first staked out Donation Land
Claims along the river iancts. During *�his period of time, �.og drives
were generally small ones carried out 1oy the local landowner to supply
cmall m;t�c r�nvnrivPr. nr fnr their own use, as suitable timber wds not
a].ways available at huilding sites.
Eventually, tne timber in th e Santiam area became attractive to larger
logging concerns. Between the early 19R4s ta around 1916, log drives
on the Santiam were an annual tradition. Roads durinq this era were few
3$
an� unimproved. Mere dnst� �rail� ia t_ta� s�r, e�°ly r�ada quick�y
became quagmires during the rainy seasons, creatinq t�°anspartation pro���
that resulted in tihe North anct South S�n�.ia� Rivers be�ing the anly
act convepance availa�le f�r tra�n�porting loqs.
The timbe� resources r+ere first lagged off along the main 5antia� Riov��a
'Fhis harvest only required short hauls t� the rive� banks using oxen and
horse teamse As timber alang the ziver became e�austed and as dawnstxeam
a�lls dem�anc3ed m�ore logs, sophisticated methods o£ gettinq logs t� trie �ain
river had to be dav�loped. Horse aa�d oxen lagging s�on gave way to tl�e
steam donkeys azad the higl�-�.ead aperation�. T.ogginq mcved up �i� smail
� tri�utazies of the Santians, requizing the use of wing dams or splash dams
to gro�id� eri�ugh flow to f3aat the 1a�ge iogs downstream and inta the
main Sa�itiame I..og� ha�vested from the foatflil3s of the San�iam Subbasi.n
�ere driven to ti�� t�illaaet�e River and t3ien to prccessing mi11s locateci
ir� the Newberg, Saiem, aad Oregan City vicinity.
Log drives alang �e Santiam becau�e a c��on sigY�t. Each sp�ing, ar�und
�*�e m�onth oF :�Lay, whe� the runoff frosa the foothills pmvided enougn wate�,
log� th�� had be� harvested all �+inter and stored a� selected si�es along
th� riv�� were pushed iritn the Santiam in preparation fo� the start of the
drive.
�irs. �lisabetl� Hughe�, who was bom an� has lived a��. ��r iii� ir� Me�°i�a,
[�reg�r�, gave this accaunt:
"As a young giz2, I have, on several occasions, watched the
Santiam R.iver log drives pass throuqh Mehama on their way
downstream_ The lag drives t00}C place every spring until
around 1916.
"It was my understanding the log dzives began i.n the vicinity
af t�ill City, Oregan. The logs would be stored at seiected
log dvmp sites along the Santiam River and Zater rolled into
the river (Santiam) in the spring when the water was high.
They used horse teams and men to keep the loqs moving
downstream."
Logs floating down the river woul.d occasianaily hang up on the riffles
(bar out) resulting in a�oq jam, i,og dzivers (or "river �igs" as they
W�ze called) and horse teams were used to pry loose the "key log" in order
to free the jam. OccasionaZiy, it was evea necessary to use "�owder" to
� shoot a jam loase that cou�d not be broken by the peavy ganq or horse
teams,
Log driving an the 5antiam as we3�1 as other rivers zn Oregon was an extremely
dangerous and exactinq pracess requiring teamwork at all Limes from well-
trained ^crse tea:�s, t.;eir tea€nst�rs, and the d�iver crews. An �xampl.e oL
t.�e danger involved with log driving can best be shown with �his quotation
from a c�urt case in Marion County, dated 5eptEml�er 21, 1906; E�ene Allen
v. C. K. S auldin I,a in Com an :
". .. T`hat on said 12th day of May, 1906, this p�aintiff
�h++° �� �::yuy�u ivi uciciauaiil ii1 V�18 �7CLLU�SRdI2CB O£ I715
duties as such "river driver," for the defendant, was re-
quested 3ay the defendant to go upon, and work upon, ...
a jam of saw logs, at the head o� and iaunedi.ately above
cerLain dangeraus rapids in the said North Santiam River,
at a�oint abaut one mile above said town of Lyons, at
whic:� time and place plaintiff, in company with ten or
more other "river drivers" was diracted by said defendant
to ?oosen and remove said iog jam of about ZDO sa�+ logs
whicn were jammed arzd fastened upon a rock, in said
�n
33orth Santiam River e.. r�rh�ax t�is plaintiff, with the
assistance of others, as aforesaid, had loasarsed saf�. jam
of saw logs and the same floated and began ta pass �ickl�
doum the river, thzs plain�iff then far the first ti��
d�sc�vez�d t3�t there was no meaias o� escape o��� tl�an
riding �x�on sai� sa�+ lQgs as tisey �ifte� dowrrz ti�e r�ve�
aYSd aver sai� ragids, or iz� sw?r�i�g � said river among
s�id f�oa�ing saw le�s t� a p�a�� o� s���t}r; �tia� i�s
��teatpting to rescu� himself frv� said perzl�u� p�si�ion
t�xis pla�ntiff w�,s thxawn fxom t.�ie logs irato the turb�ent
uraters arid was for��d t� swim aa�ng said flaatinq logs tr
another janB af logs, a dis�aaice of about ia rods further
down the river, �+he�e ttais plain�iff lodqed and secure� a
hold cipon said second jam a� 3.ogs, and was about to pull
himse�f up out of the Water wlzen a log fm�a sxid first ja.m
of saw Lags which had been £loating dowss t�e river hehin�
hiu�, vvertook hi.� and struck endwise. a gl.ancing �lov�,
aqaixxs� the �vdy and 3eqs af �his plai.nt��f in such a way
a� �o cx�s� this �l�.ir�t�ff `s right leg �ad pe�nsasien�ly
�ptcsr� �a� �u�cles t,kser�o� an� scr t�a� aWay tkse flesh
aezd mtts��es a� l�is �aid leg from t�se k�ones tt�ereo� �s
t� make �t i�¢possib�� ti�at the same shou�d eve� agaia�
hea� or grow in piace and so injurz.ng and permanentl}r
daataginq piai.ritiff's said leg, "�
'I't�a� reum�er of inen and harse teams use� on a drive wauZd depend on the siz�
of the d�ive as we11 as the size an� character of t3ze ziver. Drivinq
crews usually consis�ed of the rollez° ar peavy gang, th� tea�sters and
their hor�e teams, doggers, and trippers. 'I'3ze pe�vy Q� raller gan� Lrouid
use a tao� ca�].ed a peavy {�ong-hand3ed tool �+it� a sha�p spike and a l�ook
located jus� above t.he spiscey to zoll the log �oward deeper w�ter. 'Teaug�
sters and horse teams {harses Were orov�.ded with snecial shoes r+ith callc�
ta preven� them fram siipQing on ti�e rocks) rrere used to pull logs, �a�
co�ld not be handled by the ra�.ler crew, aff the qravel bars an� si�all��r
areas an� inta the river. Doggers and tri�ne�s wo�ke� clr��ely wit;a t�e
�earastexs. 'i`he dagger w�ould �r�ve iron "�ogs" {�pecial-�sr�ad� saike) is�tc�
a(barred) loq. The "dogs" were at�ache� ta � cnain hi�ched t� �� h�z��
�.eams. 'i'he tzipnez� wdu�d ride the individual loqs and knock �h� "ddq"
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;-4.
M05EFt; WHEN YOiT WEREN' T ON THE RNER �RIVES , YOU
`rlERE WOAKING IN THE WOODS?
iCIMS�Y: IVO, I WORKED IN TiiE WOQDS W�iEN I WASN'T
DRIVIPdG.
.�505£R: Y4U' D FtATHER DRIVE?
KIMSEY: QH, PZO, BUT ZT WAS A DAt�4+F SIGFfT MORE MONEY.
I DIDN' T G� FOR THE JOBS, I FTENT FOR TfiE
i�lONE X .
:'rom interJiew af Archie Kimsey, September 16, 1976
HART�E�tT: EiQW MA:dY PEOPLE DFbOV� LC�S ON TH�, SANTIAM?
KIMSEX : WELL, I DOt1' T 1CPIOW. SaME OF US WOULD STAY ALL TI3E TZME,
8UT OTHERS WOULD COME ADID GO. 501� OF THEM WO[3LA HEAR OF
BiG M4NEY, AND Tfi�X'D COME A2iD CA TO 4�1�ORIC, AND TH£X'fl PU'I'
ON A PAIR QF pVEFtALLS AND A PAIFt OF SFi0E5. THEY DIDN'T LAST
LAST V£RX LANG. TI�Y FIGtFRED THEY WERE GONNA BE WET
ANYWI�Y. YOi7 liA]� �'0 tiAVE CLOTIi�S (7N B£CAUSE THAT WI1�T'�:R
WQUI.I3 HiT YQU AtID FRE�:ZE YOEI T4 DEATH � YOUFt SHOES WOULf}
GET FULL �F WA�ER, YQi1'B GET WARM ZNSIDE AiYD XQU DIDN'T
MINf7 IT SO BAD o
ti:A1��RT: dID XOU �1AK" A PRETTY G7C3I} L,IVZ.7G �RIVING LOGS?
KIP+SSEY: OH, YES.
HARBERT: IT 41AS ?,idE2TH IT°, i�iJH?
:CI.�fSEY : �IO ` I�` WASN' T'r�lOf2'rH E'T. I WOUL,�7N "i` SE :iElt� (PFIJRSIDIG �iOI�i� 1
IF � Fi�][3 `T �� DFt9V� �00 DAt�II�1 ��SAPI`� LOGS . GQ`I` A�iTIi�I'T'I�
SC3 �1� � CAN' T. a.'�LL , T GOT S�ME GOOD M�NEX e I G�°
S�6 A DAY.
T`aken zrom interview of Archie Kzmsey, :�eptembe� 16, 1976
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loosE after the �oq was pvlled into deeper water or into th� m3!R current.
Note: 'Phis was a very impartant aracess. If the tripner did not trip the
"dog" at the right time, the �og could drag �.he horse team into the deeper
water where tihey might drown.
"�iarses Drowned"
"At ane time a team af horses (belongir�g to Floyd Martinl was
drowr�ed near the present Mehama bridge, wlzile loosening a
loq jam. '�kte loqs were lodged aa the riffle above the bridqe
and the trip�er did not get the �.eam free in time. T3�e kogs
flaated out into desp watier and pul�ed the team down, drowninq
them. ��
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on mosti river drzves, in addition to the �oq drive crew, you wouid also have
a support crew consisting of the camp coak and the camp "louse" (flunky).
These men were res�onsit��s for providing food anci supplies for �oth the
crew and �orses as well as taking care of the averall needs of a river
drive.
Annual log drives along the Hvrth Santiam began zn May {spring drive} and
around October {depending on rain} for the fail drive. The drives usua�ly
bEgan above Mill City in the vicinity af Gates_ Archie Kimsey, an early-
day log driver, who has worked drives on the Santiam, McKenzie, Willamette,
Luckiamute, and rivers in Canada recalls:
". .. Most of the drives (�n the 3�orth Santiam} came out af
Gates and Kings Prairie and up in there. O£ course, they
picked them up all the way down. When they would start a
drive up there, they'd pic3c up ].oqs be�ow Stayton even. $y
G�
�he �i.ate yau c�a� to C�e en� of a driv� yau wou�d ha�r� a�ou�
six million feet. Lags wer� fozt}r �'ooters, �eal lags� no�
Iike they f�11 today."
The ��l�owisig excerpts taken £r�r� th� Uregon `�imberneac3 wiil pr�v�d� saa��
�nsight as ta the valume of Ioqs dri�ven down �� main s�.e� o� th� Nortt�
Sax�tiam Rivez:
"A. S. 8aty of Gates I.ost a Larqe quantity o£ ties hy the
recea�t treshet in the Santiain River. '1'!�e ties Were for the
Corvallis s Eastern Railrcad. The loss is �stimat�d at
55,0��,
"'I'h� Chaz��e� IC� Spau�d�ng Loqga.nq Com�aariy of Newberg. Or�qan f
h�� 1Q,000,000 fe�t oE �aaT� asid wh�t� fir loqs �r� �kxeir dzi�r�
for the 0regon City �aper mi�.Xs. The logs ar� cut in the
Luckiamute and Sartti�m distric�s and driven d�wn the
Wi,llamette tca dregon City. The logqing crew consists of
five teams and a�out 3C1 men."
"LLTI'f�E�t ACTZVTTY IN ELKHORN FJISTRIC'�"
"`�ere is qaing to be muct� doing in our section.' said
Pos�mas�er Pape of Elkharn y�sterday. A Frenr,i� comgany of
�iic�igan has Laken a trial cont�act ta deliver 10,�00 �ies
�� b� c�t alonq �he L�ttle Nor�h Saaxtiam. If they car� be
��,oated succes�fully �.ca �1�st �t�yton ar�d �u� in reac�iness
f�r sY�ippiz�g, � big corx�r��� �� �, 6 5�� ,C�oO ti�� wrz�� �e
far�hcominge In ca�e r�e latte� ��nt�ac�. is made, it, w���,
�� tta� ].a,rgest ir� th� his�.�x•y �f t.kia�. section of the counLry.
Natura�l,y s�ch a contract meaags much to au�r section and wi31
qzve employment to mang workers."
"The Charles K. Spau�ding Loqging Company of Saiem nas about
5 million feet of logs on the wa,y from tt�e S�ntzam. Thzs
�o�npany has abaut �2 millian feet to com� out o£ rh�
Luckiainute."�
I,ag d:ives on tne North Sant�a� k2iver 2s�v�� be�� �aki�g �1ace szr�ce t.�se �ate
i800s. However, as Archie iCi.msey explains:
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'° .., the biq log d�cives s�arted cvming ou� o� here in 1.9o4 .
I reiaem�er tilat ' cause I wer�t tio the world' s Fair in 1905
and I*�ras on a drive before I went dorrn there. They cora-
tinued on those big d�rives un��� arourl� 19I2 e I was on tha�
first biq drive and I was on the last o�e ta came out af
tfxazee �'hc firs� driv� was up a� �h� Pat�er place u� a.bave
Lyons �h�re� ]us� ai�ov� I�yon�. Aft�� tl b�g dxives was ovct,
sma�l �rives cantiisu�d ta �ome out of t3se�� fo� m�xy yea�se
Oh, the smal� drives th�� come dowrr there wa� jus� a few
heu�dred thousand. Hell., I and a guy named Wal� Whic3e� we
sharked on the river, oh, a whole Zots, yau knorr, that's
picking up �ogs and buckinq up drift Iaqs, �ld wi�ola trees.
�e generally sold theaa in Newt�erg. Sometime� we would have
a pretty good littZe d�ive. Of c�urse, the logs {left
behi.nd from Zeg drives) was a�T l�randed, �ut if we'd find
one that was a goad log, We'd bucic the end off With the
brar�d and pu� on o�r own bran�. "��
I�ike rhe I3arth Santiaen Ri.ver, lag drives on the South took p�ace ir� t�ie
sgring and fail. Early-day loq drives began a.bave Sweet Home, and research
indicates that log drives in the vicinity of Cascadia were not �caamon.
Log driv�s were a2so braught down the Mic�dle Saz�tiam as well a� Qua�tzv�3�e
Creek. The logs from this area repartedl�t wexe (generaily speaking) talcen
r_o Lebanon and processed at the paper mill t3lere. Xn latez years (axound
1�a01 other tribataries ot the South 5antiaan River beqan pro�u�ing �onsid-
era:o3e riu:�bers of logs for ti�e wiliamett� Va11ey :aills � Ha,uiilton Creek,
�ith its confluence a�out five a�i�es upstreazst of ��e farics, were two oE
the �jor iog proclucers.
I.oas fro�m Hami�tan and Crabtr�e Creeks were aenerailv delivered to
Je;£ersan, Oregor�, wr}xere they were rafted and later taken ta th� vewk�erg,
Salam, and Oregan Ca.ty miils,
':':se Lallor�aing excernts taiCen from the Oregon Timbe�man wil� give gou an
idea of the areas r�riven, t.i�e amount af �oqs, and tk�e destinatacan af iog�
from tihe South Santzam forests:
"OREGON CAMPS W. H. Nobson, of Albany, recently finished a
drive o� 2,200,000 feet of saw logs from Hamilton Creek down
the Santiam River to Jefferson.'�
"Jefferson Mi11 Com�any, af Jefferson, will log oS Crabtree
and Hamilton Creeks, tributaries of the Santiam.
"'I'he Le�anon �aper mils use 12,OsJ0 cords {6 MBF) of wood
annuaily. The waod is cut along the Santiam River by farmers."�
".7�FFERSON - Jefferson Niill Company has about four million
feet of loas in Hamilton Creek awaiting t.he freshet to bring
the� out.•
"P. i�i. 5�oggins & Company, of Lebanon, last a quaatity of lvgs
hy a sudden rise in the Santiam River durinq the recent storm."�
According ta eyewitnesses int�rviewed bv Division of State Lands staf£, the
South Santiam was a slower, much easier driving stream. However, it did
not produce as many logs as the North Santiam.
Leland Prather, log driver on the Luckiamute River and witness to the
Santiam River drives, put it this way:
"'I'ney just didn't have the tisnber along the South Santiam they
had u�on the North. "
As pointed out eariier, Iog drives on the 5outh Santiam River qenerally began
�n the vicinity of Cascadia. Archie Kimsey stated they generally began in
an area the "ald timers" called Blue Lake located 14 miles above 5weet Home.
iie said he usuaily jus�. cauqht Yhe drive in Sweet Home.
Leland Prather ciaims that in the '30s you could see evidez�ce of
58
C. K� 5panldings "roZ�as+ay" boo�i along th� Sou�h Sant,ia� Rive� si.�ua�ed
a►pproximatsly 6 miles �elaa Cascadiaa �i� said:
"You cauld stil� s�� �� ol,d Spauldirig br�d an t�'ae logs tkaat
�e� bc�ilt the r���away out of o S�uld�saq drove �ie� �.�gs clear
to k�is mi��.s in I3ewberg, Sale� and Oregor� City. M��� �f thase
loqs �hat came out of the Cascadia a�ea in the early years we�t
to i.e�anon though, �
"In years gone by, iog drives were cpnm�on eac3i spring wher� wa�,ar
i.ri the rivers was high e�ough to float lags fram the foathiils
d� to the 'main Zine' of the willamette River, and then on into
PortZand.
"A1ong B�aver Creek, the Saaatiam, Cala�ia, and Wiilamette
R�ver�, the cry 'the wanigans a�� co�irsg' a� 'the drive is heze'
��usl� �ae hear� t3�roughout ehe cauntr�r�ide �� �h� Ioq� r+ere hei,ng
f��at�d dos�ms'treain.
"The years 189fl to 1900 sarr masiy 'drives' when the timbe�r of
�astern Linr� County was k�eir�g sexst to mills or m�rkets. Stream
i��d� ra�r� �illed ban� to ban3c wit� logso ... �as�e o� the �as�
��ves took place dosrn the slaugh j�xst Y�ck of Art white's faxa�
nca�� of the hig�way b:���ge a�ross the Santia� River or� Highway
5e"
Lag driving in Oregon was not without its legal prob�ems and the Santiam
Rive� an� its trihuta�i�s had its share. A case i.nvo�vina Crab�ree Creek.
� tributary of the S4utiz Saistiam, �ook place in the czrcuit oourt of Linn
County, Apri1., 1906. Fo�lowing is ttie decree �ro� this cc�urt case:
"Based upon the Findings of Fact anc3 Conclusions �f LaW :�erein,
it is herehy ozdered, a�j�dged an� decreed that fox a nznnbe�
of years Crabtree C�ee3� has been an� now i.s a navigahle stream
F�r the puz�se of f�.oating and transpartfng logs, titaber, I�un^-
b�� ties, wood, and ottie� m��erials of a like character; that
�a�d �I ,T� 'I'�xnidge as � ci.���en af said county, and the
p�iic in genera� nav� had arid norr hav� �i�e �ig�t �a the use
of said streaia as a�ub�ic highway f�� t�e puzposes afare-
said. That th e injunct�on heretnfore issued ou� of the
a3aove-enti�led court be modified sa as to confozm to the
findings of fact, the cancluszons of 1aw, and this deCree
and these suits be and the same are both hereby dismissed."
Another interesting excerpt far �his case gives a good indicatian of how
eariy loa driving on the Santiam River system was taking place:
"That on or about th� 3rd day of August, 1892, in a cause
then pending in the caunty court in and for Linn Caunty,
OreQOn, rrherein ane M. 3. Cameran, being then and there
an a.ndividual resident of Li.nn County, Oregon, had made
applica�ian therefor, such proceedings were duly had,
that ... tf�e peti.tioner is interested in floatin� and
�.rans�orting o€ logs, timber and 3umber down and over the
waters of Crabtree Fork of the Santiasn River and Roaring
Creek, and that said streams are in La.nn County, Ozegon,
and that said creek ar czeeks has not been deciax'�d hy
�aw to be navzgable for comme�cia3 ourposes, and the
court being further satisfi.ed from the getition herein
that iti would be to the best interesti of all concerned
that said creek be declared to be a highway for floatinq
and transpartation of 1ogs, timber and �umber down asid
over their waters, commencing as high up as there is
water sufficzent for f�oating and trar�sportation of logs,
timber and lumber, and running down to sahere said
Crantree Creek empties into the Santa.am River."
At same time or another, mr�st oz tne rivers and streams in Oregor, have been
used in some way for a Ioqginq operatiion. Log driving an the 5antiiam s'tiver
was carr:.ed out in �uch the same mannex as iog driving on any of ths rivers
and streams across the continen�.
Log driving methods were generally standardized to the �.ype and size of
river, with procedures for driving rivers from those reqniring little or no
assistance in driving to those with white water, exposed bedrock, shallow
stretches, and troublesome qrave� bars.
Logs were transported down rivers and stx eams sisnp�.y because this was �e
Fn
ch�agest and easa.est methad avai�a�l� at th� �i.me. R�ve� d�iving begard
losing its imporGance wi�h th� inaccessibility af �im�er near driving
streasa�, increased use a� rai�xnads, legal pro3al.esQS, landowner prob�em�,
aszd eaz�y-day er�ui:�onmer�talists e
"�'he move�aent .of rafted logs an� oilinc} on the river faag
ir�cxeased steadily throuqh the years and it zs the one ite� of
rzve� traffic wi�h which ather methods of t;anspox�ation can-
not compete. wherevex the �ogs can be qatten zszto tfae river,
this method of transportation WiZl cnntinue to be supreme."
I think that feelings toward log driving fn those days can best be su�nariz�d
�y Lel.and Prather' s coAaaen� :
"Hel.i, I rras fi��y yea�s o�d befoze � rea�ize� they a�oved logs
�ax� other Way. ��65
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SONG QF THE STERN-WHEELF.�t
Run to tne xiv�r! The whistle's a-blowingt
And 'round t.�e big ber:d, its caged paddles tuzning,
� broad graceful imaqe came fu�l to oux° viswinq,
Ft�i ta the riweri A stexn-whee�er`s cominqe
��'c3 wa�cY� t,.�e waters that came in h��e wak�;
And we'd swim through the waves tha� would �ai�lorr and
break:
Then returning t3�e sm�l� df a fr�endl� d�c� ttand,
'rFe' ci jump on a wave . as�d wash hack to the �and e
Those "Queens" of the ri.ver, though qoae front our sa.ght,
S�ii1 hac�axt� ou� fond meaaories � whez� in th� sti�l nigt��
'�� wazl o� a f�� whistTe see�� to �e saying �
"Run to t.'�e river! A stern-wheeler's comi.r�g."
Dorthv Ha�nand Nic4cersan - The Stern-wheeler's 0l�i�uarv
SHIPPING
with today's freight tirucks zipping along the freeways and railroad cars
clicking o£f the mi�es of tracks, it's hard to imagine tihe transpartation
problems that existed 100 or �ore years ago.
Water transportation, of course, has been used as Iong as man has been on
earth and the people ot the Santiam Va�ley were no exception to this fact
of life. You can rest assured that all efforts were made ta utilize the
Santiam River in any way possible to solve soute of their transportation
prat�ie�s .
Although ship�ing could nat be considered the major use o£ the Santiam
River, shipping did take �lace on the river between the years of 1850 ta
, around 1870. The U.S. Corps of Engineers classifies the Santiam River as
naviqable waters o� the i3nited Sta�es--navigable from its mou�h to
�efferson. ,.Tefferson, Oregon, has �een historical?y considered �.he hea�?
of naviaation on the 5antiam River. Situated on the main Santiam at
RM 9.0, Jefferson is, in fact, the highest point an the river that commercial
baat traffic regularly navigated.
". .. it is at the head of navigation on the Santiam. Any
vesse� that can naviQate the Wiliamette can ascend tb that
naint. 'I`here is at that goint a cansiderable fall in the
ri.ver affordinq a noble water privilege. This privi3ega is
beizg improved by tne enterprising firm of Conser & Evans
by ti3e erectian af a saw and qrist mill ..."
"UNRUFFLED .7�FFERS�N NOW IN ITS SECOND CENTURY
"The f�our mill warehouse had storage for 25,000 bushe�s
and a large grange warehause had �a�.ely been constructed on
64
t.3i� rive� bank. TYaen 150,Q00 laush�ls af wi�@a� w��� s�ip��
�ro� Jeffersan annually, �ostly by boat."��
�"'�RAfISFORTA'��ON - The �reigk�t steam Occide�n�, twir► �i�ter
t� th� Qriesit. arrived a� J�ff��sor� �is �rning. Stxe was
x�ce��red b}r a s�l�a o� arti�l�zy (ar�viZs) an� th� en�ire
�P�l,ati�n �� tha�. ��yo �i��o 'TY�i� is t�i� first s�.e.aiser
��t h.as ��ived �t .�e�f�rson sia�ice t.l�� a��ent of �hh�
Galiqpe sev�ra� y�ars sixice. 'I"he Oc�i�er�t takes a Ioa�d
of wheat from the fa�mers` warehouse."�g
In my research into the history of navigation of tlze Sant3am River, I came
across a report by iCarl Mac�tffee entitied "Naviga�ion--Upper Willamette
River--I846 to 1936." This report Was submitted to the district engin�
o� ttae U.�. Co�rs o� �gia�ee�s Dena��nen� in 1940 azxd sometvue later came
into �ixe possession �f' tl�t� Oregon Historica� �ociety. In its text, refer-
ence to the use of the 5antiam River is made, and fo��.owing are some of
t�e cnore ims�ortant passaqes :
"JEFF'ERSOIY, on the Santias� Riv�r, was set��.��d in 1853 and
in�ozporated in 1870. Zt �►as an important shipping point
dt�rinq t�xe stgam3�oat geziod and af�er tha railzoad came
ian 187�. Hesi�es t�� mi��s an� f�ctories in Jefferson,
i� was the eer��er f�� �� s��p�ing af qx�.ixr� raised ir� the
srs�r�v�d.ixig cour���y� �ie �arr���� caz'ri�r� �am� ug tixe
S��ia� �o t.h� CBns�r ar,� �urrietta �ii�1� ` vhich r+er�
�x��d a� a s�o�eh�u�e to load. T7te last s�i�msn� a�
grain ou� of .7�ffarsor� �y �at was uRade in 1975 when
Ck�arles M.�11�z txa� tzoubl� With the railroad canspany aver
rate� �d a spur tracl� ta his s�brehouse and threatene�
t� qo �ac4� t� r�ver �ranspartatian. The th�eat did not
succeed at first sa h� brought a boat up and made a s2zzp-°
men�. 'I'his is said to have �raught the railroad comoany
�o te�ms."iu
"'1'he rive� [Willasnet�el has l�een navigate� �y river steame�rsr
a� far ups�eam a� S�ringfield, i80 aules ab�v� Por�.land,
�nnd t�^i� tril��xta�i.es k��v� bessx s�aviaa�ed in t.�eir lrnrer
reach�sa Au�4xeri�ic data disclases that s�eainers have t�eer�
naviqated ora tr�ese Waters for a distance of 300 miles.
Seqrsgated, t��ey are aps�ortione� as �ollaws:
"Main stream ta Springfield
Clackamas River
'1Ualatin River
Pudding River
Yamhill River
Luckiamute River
Santiam River
Saonville Slouqh
Lonq Tom River
i85 miles
1 mile
30 miles
10 miles
20 mi.Ies
18 miles
22 miles
S miles
9 miles
"Most of these waters are still used by smail baats and tugs
towinq out loqs during high water seasans but there has been
r�o tra£fic by the �arger baats above Salem sznce �918."��-
Another passaqe of interest in the report makes refQrenc� to Jefferson's
ex�orti �aatential. These exports, in 3efferson's early days, were shipped
almost entirely by steamboat.
". ..,Iefferson had two warehouses of 25,�00 busheZs capacity
from which 150,000 bushe�s of wheat were shipped annually ...
There Were a3.so in .7efferson at this time two flouzinq milis
aperatzng--one of which had a capacity of 250 barrels and the
other 120 barreis per day. A sawmill was also in operation at
this time."
In the Oreqon Histarical Quarterly en�it�ed "Beginnings of Jefferson,"
coffinents are made about the town's development arid importance as a shipping
center:
". .. Besides the mills and factories in Jefferson, the town
was a center for the shipping of the grain raised in the
4l3tSU"tiituiiiy [jlJUil��x. DCLULC uic ia3.i�Gdu 'ria5 uuiii iTa Lc
riverboats came up to the Conser and Burnett Mi],ls which were
used as a storehouse to load. One authori�y says that the
Santiam was navigable for 22 miles, and that fzequent �.rips
wera made as far as Jefferson on the "largest carries." It
was nat an unusual sight to see steamers loading at Jeffersan
Mills."
"Transpoztation before 1870 was accomplis�ed by river navi-
gation, wizich has been mentioned before, and the stagecoach."
65
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"Previous to the buildin af the railroad, steamboa�s came
ug the Santiam as far as �effersan. The coming of the rail-
road did away with the stagecoaches and most of the river
navigation. The Oregon and Califarnia Railroad Company of
Salem, the bregon Central Railroad Company of Salem, and
the Oreqon and California Land Campany are the three com-
panies which purchased the right-of-way, mostly from
townspeople. The construction had bequn in Partland in
1868, but the first train did not reach Jefferson untii
�ovember 27, �870 The railroad crossed the Santiam River
at Jefferson and proceeded to Al�any." {�mphasis added.)
The BDth Anniversary Edition o� the Ore on Statesman contains an ar�icle
by Capt. Frank J. Smith, Historian-Veteran St�amboatmen's Associatinn,
and states:
"The Santiam River has been navigated for a distance of
Z2 miles. In the early days, frequent trips were made as
far as �efferson by the largest carriers and it was not an
unusual sight to s�e steamers loading at the Jefferson
mills."
Excerpts tron other source ma�erial follows:
", .. City of Galem, the Fin�st Wiilamette stear,ier yet
float�d, was �uilt, making her trial trip Oc*ober 21st.
The success o� this steamer was but a continuation of tha�
enjoyed by the Ohio. Sne could carry an i�nmense load on
very shallow water, and wh�n light, her master asserted '
that all sne needed to run on was a heavy dew. In
Fe�ruary, 1876, sh� ascended the Santiiam as far as
Jef�ersdn."
in�� ��� n��:� t i���i R�$a� i�n rhP
�. . . LclL1I1C:I1C[1 111 lo �.� � �i�c v�.��.�+Eia� � �+ �
narrow Santiam River as far as Jefferson, a tra.p also made
thaz year �y the Ci.ty af 5alem. This was somethinq of an
ac�or.iplishment, since �he Santiar.l, rapid and ciashinq, was
practically unnavigaDle except during extreme nigh water
and th�n for only a few days at a time."�S
"'^he writer r�cently interviewed a man whase life began
beside the Santzar,l near�y a century ago. This man is
FF
wesley S. Canser, 3304 �.E. C�eveland �tre�t, P��t�and. w��
is 9� years old.
"He was barn an �ovember 22, 1852, at �e�fersan, tk�e litt�e
�awn that sprcinq up in tihe wa3ee of Sar�tia� C�ty �d S�r�a�,��� e
ff�� fathez built aa�d opera�ed a fer•r�r at �effe�son �nc� � g�i��
mi�l farth�� up �e xive�.
"I�ir. Conser to1.d of �ow the lit�le riverboat� wauld run up �.��
S�nf.iam to his father"s warek�ouse for qrain whes� t�a �iv�� wr��
irt flood, but coul.d not get that far w�en Cl�e sa�ate� �r�s 1a�r.
:ie laughed glee�uT�y as h� recal�ed the aciv�ntuz�us Za���.��
steam�XS chugging upstrearn in the turbulent ��ve� and b��lciz�g
down again hecause tY�ey dared nnt attempt to turn around."�
�"�i�e San�iam Riv�� ... is navigable La� a disrance of. ten
mz3.es fram the �i.l�amette River up as �ar as t�� tr�wr� ef
Jeffezson; it, is about 3S0 feeC wide a� far uo �s t:�ae [�ort3
. Fox°�C . . . �t (�effe�son� is �ituatec� at �a� head o�
naviqatio� o� �e �aa�t,��i Ft�v��, anc� ��tho�.gh i� �.as been
ques��r�ed w�e�he� ��r�e�s�n c�ul� b� �ade a ship�inc� r�csi�r_
fa� gr�in t�y wa�er, tha� n�irat has b�et� de�ided by the fac�
that severa� s�eambaats have visited i�, carrying away
upwards of 1d0 tons of wheat on eac�i occasior�e "
�7erfersor� wasn't t�e anly San�iam River t�wn tt�a� �ad �ransp��L��:i��i
�robl.ems. Lehanon, situated along �he South Santiam at RM 3�, wa.� alsc�
struggiing to esLab�zsh i�se�° an Oregon's wi3.lame��e sallev and �i�e ��1
Q�:�er sparsely popvlat�� settl�en�s, t�'�� cos� �f �ui�d�nc :;�:�.�.�, .a�s
�r�hibit�vee
':he c�tizens o£ Lebanon t.hought thev t�ad a solu�ion to t:�eir c�re�ble.*n�.
'�:�a� so�ution was �e Santiam �.ver and � steamba�.� callea �.:�e Calli�ae e
"T�:e Calliope"
"��a 1871 the Calliape, a smal�, tiati°�ottomed steainbaat
a�cended the South Santi.am to what was t:�en knowtT as �he
Ridgeway ferry, r�ear where the twa bz°idges now cross the
Sanfiiam just east �f to�rn. The Little steamer 1ef�
Cor4ralli� one �av at noon under the coimnand of Can�ain
Robert Copeley and succeeded in reaching Jeffersan that
evening. T�e next day she started for Labanon, but she had
to be helped by the dozens of farmers who had conqregated
along �he river bank to watch her Make the trip. The farmers
were as anxious as th� townsp�ople to have boats navigate the
Santzam, and they all wi�lingly lent a hand ta pull her up
over th� shallow =�laces in the narxow strean.
"The Calliope's whistLe shrieke� almost constiantly as she
strur�c�leci upstire�m and �he ariswerinr� yells of the crowds who
conqregated aloriq Gtie river �a ��ratch her proqress werc as
lus Ly.
"A qreat ceiebration was olanned. People came from miles
around to see the �esCel w:�ose �rip was to be, they honed,
�he beqinning af a regu�ar transpartation service, and a
barbecue and ball were �lanned. But Captain Copeley who had
been able to see LJDt�DP.t much of ti�e way to Lebanon did not
dare to stay in Lebaiion overniyht l�st the water go down and
:sis boat be grounded. So the return trip had �o be sta�ted
at once.
"What was ta have been an historic shipment, about ?C� tons of
freight, was loaded oii the Cal�iope for her return trip, but
after a. few miles most of it had to be taken off to kee? her
afioat_ A number af Lebanon people too had taken �assage on
the boa� for the exnerience of ne�aing initiate what they
i�oneci would be regu3.ar service. �ut they as we�l as �he
freiqht had to bc hauied hame. �vexy team in town was used
to �ring back the �assengers an� the goods.
"lven so, the little steaine� had to waiti this side of ,Ieffersan
for a heavy rain ta bring the river up so it couJ.d sail back
in�.o the Lviila�iet�.e. Thus �nded aAa ho�e o� nav;g4*zon �f the
Santiam. The railroad bri.dqe was built without a draw and
agita�ion �or boat s4r�rice en�ed."�
"^o �on it all, �he L•.i�lar�ette i�laviaation Ca:�pany was Pormed
in 1370 by indiqnant val.ley farmers �a:�o hat�d the P. T.
Comnany. The new orr�anizatzon built �h� 100-�oot stea�ner
Caiiidpe a�. Corvallis and placed her or� the up�er-river raute.
She made one unsuccessful ven�.�re u� the Santiar.�s River in 1870."
°T`.Ze Santiam was an important feeder of the Wi.7.lamet�.e and,
;,, t R71 _ rhP tdi3lainette �IaviQation Company com�osed af far.ssers
rar. the Calliope up as far as Lebanon Landing. The water rose
�e�ore the return trip and the crew had to scuttle the boat
so :.hat it �ight clear the railroad bridge. wi.11amette River
boatis continued �o transport larqe cargoes of freic}ht through
t: e `7Gs. "$
"a:� independent stearihoat, the Calliope, had been built ta
co�oete with the P. '�'. Co. but found no business on the main
river, whereupan her owners sent her up the shallow Santiam
7�
to LeJ�anon landinq for any freigi�� size might g�ean< 'Fhe
Cal�iope went to Lehanon a�.l righ�, asxd �hen found sk��
cauld not com� back; wF�i1e sl�e was there, the �iver rose,
and the Calliope's chimney wou3.d not clear HolLaday's
ra��road bridge �t, Jeffersone The only wa� �� g� und�r
wa� painfu�, k�u� tk�e crew did it°-they �cu�,tled the }�aat�
dr�ggeci h�z� al�ng �k�� bo�tocn o� �� r��e� unt�� sh� veas
be��wa �e bri�g� P the� t�ail�d �er ou� �iY� s�a� floa,tied,
and serenely went the�� wa�r down t�e rive�<"
"'�he will�mette �reigi�t�n� Comnany �iszna�tled the "Anr�"
early in �he y�ax ar�d in A�ri� placed her equipment on
the "Ca�liope."
"T�e 'Calliope' was built to navigate t:�e Santiam River.
One trzp was made �o Lebanor� Landing. On the t�ip down
they had to scuttle the b��t to ge� under ��e �ailroad
br�dge due ta a rise in the ri�rere Th� boa� was then
taken of� the Santi�m, and made a few tri�s on �he
4����amet�e �o Corva�.�is. �hs was tied up a�tez ���
m�r��Ys. "
"A.1}aaa'�y Sundav Demacrat, April 17, 1871: Lebanon is
j�kailant over the feat of the Calliogee The steamer tnok
I40 tons of fre�q�� down t:�e Santiasa fro�s L,ebanon. "e�
'o �. ir� i67�, t,�e steamer 'Callio�e,' Ca�tain Cop�l�y,
succeeded in reaching Lebanon and pioneer sm�l� steame�s
reacl�ed t� for4es af t�e S�ntiam� "
:`;:e ts°ip a� �h� "Ca1l.iope" u� tt�e Sout�h S�ratia� to �e�aanon w�s sim.i.�a� fn
nature and in��nt ta the tx ip of the "Swa�" up th� Sauth umpr�aa t� Roseburg
t�e previous year. Bo�h trips were suppo�t�d witi� :�igh enthusiasm of �.3�e
Ioca� resic3ents, b4th were launc:�ed with hig�~� exa�cLations, a.�d bcth
enced ir�. �ailure AI� ho�e of naviqation on t�e 5out..�i Santzam and
.bi �i -��n nr�i tn++ nn Fnr ch i nni nrt cart�ti rn tn r.ahannn � 1 rn t�nr3�r� _ 7i15tCh mf�we+
�.�..�..�..�: ..���....,�.... �...� ....�t.p.�.,.� ..�� . �....e �.. .."..�...... .��.,_ .J._�.,..-... -'-,._'. ...�9.,
cuieC.ly, I mig:�t add, than it nad bequa�.
S�eam�oa�. tzafiic on the Saz�tiara `aa� essentia�,�y corsc�ude� iz� 187�.
Hcwever, in later years, Iag rafts "rafted" at Je��erson were vowed ���rn
t�� Santiam and Wil�am�tte Rivers to flregon City Fuzniture mill oc.med by
Dorenbeckers_
.sow retire�i, Captain Charles "Smokey" Stolier piloted tugboats on the
�rTillamette and its tributaries for over 30 years. i3is boats were anywhere
f'rom 2E� to 30 feet �ong and drew �4 to 26 inclies o£ water. Em�loyed by
the Bernert Towing Co�pany until �950, Smokey commented that :�e had
"towed" out of the Santiam Riv�r every year since I926. He fuzther
stated that before hirt, Albert Bernert had towed logs out af tne 5antiam
sincE around 191u. However, he reports that he cou.�d only naviaate th�
Santiam River cahen the SaJ�em gage was at 3.J. feet.
Accordinq to Smokey, logs were raftect into "lines" (1Q,�00 k�oard feet)
at .3efferson during the high water p�riods (NOVemk�er to ,7une) and the tug
ooerators wnuld tow six to eight lines at a time, using twa tugs (a;�e
in front tawinq and one in the rear to assist in manuevering turns.
The lags Gaere all harcwoods: nanle, as_�, and cottonwood. T�ey general"_�
made one run t�er day Uut quite aften they managed �o "get off" two runs.
The logs were towed down the 5antiam ta th� °r7illamette and then to wel�s "
Ec�dy (one mile below Buena Vista) where they were made into Iarger rafts
and taken on to Oregon Citv.
Smokey claimeci �:�ey hauled between 14 to 15 milZion feet annually out of
the Santiam at Je.��ezson. °Bernert's," said Smokey, "was the anly one
towing ou�. of the Santian except for a couple of 'gypo' operators."
72
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�ariy recor�s o� stear=�oats on the 5antiam are almosL nonexistent.
�ources seem to vary wnen reierencin� to the consistencv of steam�oat
s�;ie��uling, but aZl sources ?oint to th� �act that between the years of
1�50 to 107� steamboats did ascend the Santiam Rzver, first to the mills
ancl�:�arz:nouses at Svracuse and Santian City, then later after its estab-
lis;�rtent to .3ef�erson at fZl y.�� to `�.o.
The records we do have point strong�y to a conciusion t:�at steamboats only
ascen�ed �ne Santiam during high water periods ([Jove�ber tnrough June).
One would nave to assume that the storage bends and warehouses were used
by local ci�ize:�s to ho�3 c�x�.ins and oL:ier produce unti� water levels were
adequate for steamboat travel. This metl�od of shi�ping took Place annualZy
until Z�70 when the railraad cane through ,7efferson on its way to Albany
an�i sout;�.
Except for the steamboats, City of 5alem, and the Occident's tzip in �.376,
steamboat trartic on tne Santiain was virtually eliminated t�y railraad
Sc^.rV�C�.'.
74
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��tliough consider��3 beauti.fu� counCrv, the Santiam Valley--situa�ed in
a pocket-like de�ression ancl surrounded by kiiils with the �antiam �tiver
�neanderinq northwesterly through it--for :nany years reinained a barrier
between it and �he Salen co�ntry to �he north.
Only as roads :�ere built and ferries crossed Qregon rivers coulc3 immigrants
migrate to the uasettled Oregon territory ta the south.
The first �errv to cross �.he 5antian River was l.acated aoproxim,a�ely two
mil�s belaw th� town of Jefferson,�Oreqon. The ferry was �ui3.t by a man
narned �:ilton Ha1e in 1846. liale naci com� to Oreqon from Burlington, Iowa,
in 1d45 and sGaked out a clai�cs (the first in Linn County) later tio become
5yracuse, Oregon.
"^he onlj� *_ools ne had with which to canstruct his ',�oat was
a c:;�tinq ax, an adze, an auqer, and a large pocketknife,
and there was za lur.ber to �e nad nearer tnan Oregon City;
but with true western fortztude he set to work at his im-
portant task. tie �irst telled two fir trees out of whicn
he constructed two iarc}e canoes, and these ne pinned
�oaether about 10 feet apax� with split puncheons. Over
tnis crude �erry passed vzr4ua11y all of the �irst erti-
gra�ion into what is now Linn and Lane Counties. .
"T:ze Iia3e f�rry ushered in �he era of towns for Santiam f
v,1�PV_ n,�rina the two vears �efore i� was bui].t, the
-�---,- � _
Santiam 12iver was tne sout.'iern boundary �or er.iigratzon, �ut
a�ter I846 the ferry became the funnel throuqh wlZic� the
eniarants must pass on their way to the south. .�� this
cencral ooint, th�re soon arose �he first two towns of the
reaion: 5yracuse on i�Ii�lton Hale's c�air.: on the soutn ban}:;
and Santiam Citv oiz Samuel S. .'4iller's claim an the north
nank. " (�.^�phasis aaded. } 9�
7S
�ntil around 1350, Hale's ferr� was t�e o��� ��ac� to ��aa� ��e Sant�aan
�iv�r. ��� 13�7 �egislatur8 aut.�orize� ��� r��s���c�ion of a roa� fra�
o�a�on Cit� southward over �al�'s ��rr� and a��st ev�ry se�tler qoing
saut.�i o� t�e Saratiam had passed over z�Y�I��� Ha��'s fe�rye
d�ii� heavy �nigratian kea� the f�z°ry v��y ��sy �n� resu�ted. ir� t�e
beginninq �f a lucrative private �nterprise, one that migl�� be considered
�inn Co�ntv's �irst public transpor�ata.or� sys�e�.��
"�ac� cus�omer was ck�arged 25 cera�s per crossinge Hecause
af tkais fexxy, �� lastds of I,�a�a� and I,a�e Couz�ties were
r:��d� r�ar� �ccessi�l� to m�s aYl iminigran�s. T'h: ougI�out
��� ye�rr� t� Eol�ow, t�ie crosszr�� beca�e known a� Ki� �.on
ti�le` s�erry, or Santiam E`errv. O�.�x�r ferry boa�.s fallow+ed
�apidly t}xraughout the county."
"MEfiAt ,
(7� Sr:��t:�`s Ferzy, is located �n t�e north �ork of t�e
San,tiam Rzver, abou� sixteen miles sou�heasterly of Turner.
I� was iaid out t�y '�Ir. Sm��h. 'L"�e population is about
zox�ye Tt�e viTlage has a schooli�ouse, blaclesmitz s;�op, and
a hotel and £erzy keg� by Mre Smi�h.��
�:, �xcellen� descrip�ion of the typic�l early�day �erry and i�ow i� wa�ke�
is 'oun� in Harold Avery :�inter` S enti�led Um�crua t7a�ley, O�eqon, and
t�s �i.onee�s�
"T::e c�afts wcre �1at-bottomed scaw�, abou� ���t�r f�et long
azici f�om twelve to �ourteen feet wide, with the bottom
s1oQi.r�g up at either end_ The sic3e or gunwale, af �h�
earl�e� �c�ats was a�rout tnirt;r �x�ches de�� b}r four i�ches
`.�aic�, , tx�wr� Er�m �arge � i� �rees e
"e .. Equipme�t us�� ta operate these ferries was sia:sple< �
t.�ree-quarter-inch steel ca�le was stseLcheci froz� the ba.nk
and ar�chored at either end to a winch, or w�ndlass. The
��riradlass was constructed Fror� tree trunks, usually oak,
'The wind]ass was constzucted fram tree Lrunks, usvally aak,
about eiqhteen inches in diameter, cut in ten-foot lenqths
with a fork at one enc3. 3wo of these forks wete set in the
qround about six �eet anart. A roller, or drum, was fitted
in the forks with the ends of the cable wound around it.
With hand s�ikes inserted in offset slots at �ither end anc�
scoCched bv a crossbar to keep the cahle from unwind ina.
This arranqement allowed the cable to be raised or �owered
a�cordina to the �eve], of the water.
"'I�,ro lazge woaden blocks with six-inch steel sheaves were
nlaced on the cable. These were attached to the ferry baat
by one-inch hesnp rapes from twenty to thirtv feet lonq,
�Oassed throuqh rinq in the deck, or wrapoed around a
banister. By shortenir�g the biqht at one end and lenqt�en-
in4 it at the other, th� force of the current caused the
boat to move from shore to shore. To make the return trip,
the order was reversed. When the current �as not stronq
enough to r�ve the craft. the boat was manned with Zonq
sweeps, or cars, and sculled across. This was the custom
foilowed by settlers �ho �ea,intained priv�te ferries without
cables. "`��
Each f.errv reportedlv could accommodate from four ta six waaons and thei.r
teams as well as numerous passenqezs. In 1851 the ieqislature passed
county license reauirements for ferrv oQerators. The county courts set
their fee far the license at Si25 per year. They also established an
acceptable standard toll rate that the ferz'y opeza�ors could charqe, and
tlzev were :
'1. Man on �oot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.5 C
2. '�!an and horse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.0 �
3. Eac?� loose horse, muie, caw, steez ...... 24.0 C
4. wagon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75.0 �
Eact� attached animal . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 S . Q G
5. Each sheen or hoq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.S G°
For over a haif century, ferry boats aperated on the 5antiam '.�iver system.
Followina are some of the better known locations:
7?
�eaP
Es�lishe� C�o�� ra�o�
1946
184�
LgSQ
18 50
1��2
1��� (app�ox�?
I8'70 (a��r��c. }
18�0 {��ptox.?
S��.i.asa Cit� to 5yra�as�
rira�t� Saa�ti� t� �ehar�a
��acus� to �aait�a� Cft�
�'����io�
���fcr��r�
I��a�� Sauiti�, �m Sh�lbu�rt
t���► ��tfa� -� Stayt�r�
S�e�� SanLianr -- ne�� ���a��e�
�tiZt�n Ei�l�
riir. 55atith
,Tac�b & Sa��l Mill�r
�1��� I�ce�
�'a��b �ax�ts��
t�o �� M��o��1d
�'rz�xtic �ien�ir��
i�ir . 5e,riders oa� �
Ferry #�oats played an ia:�orta.�� rol� i.rn aur pioneer day tr�saorta�tion syst�.
Bri.dqes were, of caurss, ecanoau.ca�ly cuafeasib�e d�rinq thfs early pe�iad
of devs�opmesa�; herice, t.ki� fezry rras �he only dlE9N�� providing no� only
trar��r�ortaltion �ut alsrs pr�vidinq a rxee�incr pi�ce ��r falks to Qat�'xer and
visit.
t�od�rn tilg�tways � fa��.e� sy��en� vf tr�xz�portation ` steel and concrete b�i�q
e�entua�l�l replaccd tti� �exzie�; but they w�l�. neve� repiace t3�e qla�or and
frien�shi� recallad fn th� caeemaries vf alde� citizang for �ese cruc3e
ve��e�,s--� �a�t :.mz.+ortar�t ? inlc i.� Creqan's deve�opmen±�_
EtECREATIONAI BOA`TING
Apparently, there has never been a study for the purposa of determininq
the extent of recreational baatinq on the SanCiam River svstetn. Since
studies or reraorts o� this nature have never been undertaken, information
in this section of the xe�ort is ].imited to t�at ohtained fran nersoaal
contact with State Fishezy Bio�oqist and river qui.des.
Recreational baatzng an the Santiam River system varies from karqer baats
in use on the reservoirs or iower Santi.am Hiver ibelow Jefferson) to drift
hoats, canoes, rubher rafts, and even inner tubes used an the swifter
"whitewater" sections o£ the North and South farks.
Mast of the recreational boa�inq tihat takes place on the Santiam� system is
� influenced by the more popular species ar�d races of fish avaiiable wztizin
the 5asitiam system. Boatinq numbers and frectuency of boat use would
fiuctuate with the various fish r�u�s that take place thzoughout the year.
For t4�ose who prefer, guides are availab�e. I contacted tWO river guides
that worfc the Sa,ntiam River systesn: Gil waxd and Bab Shearer of Salem.
Both men w�ork severai other'rivers in OreQon besides the Santiam. Thev
4V; �prr� �hat ]�etween 12 to 15 river quides were workinq the 5ant�am at
the time of this report. Fees for this service ranged from 535 to $�0 per
person per day. Baat occupancY is usuaily two �eople and an averaqe quide
will work between i5 to 20 days oer year on the San�iam.
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Some of the more ponuiar boat runs on the North 5antiam are: for sprznq
chinook--Mehama to Stayton; for steeihead--Mehaina to the Forks; and £ar
�rout--PacksaddZe Park to Mehama. On the Sauth Santiam, raopular runs arec
spring chinook and steelhead--Foster to Sweet Home; and fall chinook--
Lebanon to Jefferson. Qn the main Santiam (Jeffersan to the mouth), heaw
a
use far ali fish runs but Qzimarily fished for fa3.1 chinook.
Fish rvns are qenerally progressive; they start at the rnouth and worlc thefr
way ta the heac3waters. I ta�ked with two aquatic bialoqists €rom the
Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife: Joe Wetherbee and Paul ingram.
7'hey concurred that seasonal runs occurred as fvllows: winter steelhead-�-
November throuqh May; spring chinoak--last of May throuqh July 1; sumner
steelhead--late Ap�il to Sepae�nher I; and fali chinook--durin4 the months
of Seatember to October.
Due to the i.ncreased use and resvlting crowcled canditions of the tradi�,ional
white water runs on rivers such as the Rogue, Deschutes, Snake, an� C3�ackar�tas,
the Santiam River system, pr�narily ti�e Horth Fork, has received considerab�e
attenta.an in the ].ast few years. The North Santiam is, in fact, the scene
of the annual white water parade taking place between Packsaddle Park to
Mill City. Xou can even find white water enthusiasts who sav that the
treacherous waters of the upper North Fork are as taxing to the ska.11s cf
the expert as any in Ozeq�n.
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The whole fa.'ni�y en�oys fun along the North Santa.am
�zver east of Sa1em, Oregon, This scene shows some youag-
sters trtfing their lucit in the North Santiam, east of Detroit
near ldanha. Be1ow this point in the river is the large
lake behind �etroit I}am� itself a popular fishing spot.
(3re qn State I-li�h+aa Le rt.�ent Photo i�o 81
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SURVEYID PUFtTI�N OF` TH� SANT'I]�M RIVER
On the Santiam River, Che ¢�ain stem and North for3c of the rivez was
�eandered some 27 miles upstream and the South fork of tkze river was
rneandezed some 26.5 mi�es upstream. Irt T�wrtship 9 South, Range 4 West,
the river was meandered by �reeman in �a51 (Contract �.6, Vo�. 11,
Pages 149-161}. Freeasan also meandered the river in Tbwnship 9 SoutYt,
Range 3 Wes� (Contract 5, Vol. 8, Pages 509-524); Township J.Q 5outh,
Ranqe 3 West (Contract 16, Voi. �1, Pages 350-380); and Townshin i0
So�th, Fange 2 WesL (Co�tract 16, V�}.. 11, Paqes Z58-Z72?. Alang the
South Por�e �� th� ri�re� in T9w�shi� 1d South, �ge � west, one cla.im
" inciudes the riverbed. Fro� t�is tawmsnip, Fze�nan proceeded to mea.nder
to the Ptorth �ork of �he river in Tawnship 9 South, Range 2�test, in 1851
(Contract 5, Vol. 8, Pages 4�9-4z4) and Township 9 South, Range 1 West
(Con�ract 5, VoZ. 8, Pages 307-3I8). '�he final township to be meandered
a3ong the North ferk was Township 9 South, Rassge � East, by Preston f.n
1954 (Coratxac� �Q, Voi. 34, Pages 22v-23�). �iyde mean�ere� t.'�e Saatn
fezk o� t�e river in Township 11 5ou�h, ftange 2 t+lest {Core�ract 1.9, �.IOl. 14,
Pages 193-Z991. Hyde also meandered the Sout.i� forlc in Township Z2 South,
Range 2 West (Contract 29, Vol. 23, Paqes 225-228} and in Townshi� 12
South, Ranae 1 West (Con�ract 29, �Iol. 23, Paqes 102-1061.
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The Saci�idae River uas not unlike anv o�her river system in Oreqor� du�ing
nion�er tixnes. lZivers and s�ream� in thes� enrlv dav� wer� a�� 1QOked
upon as �otentia� transpartatior� systems. ��i1dS.nq z�ads tr conrs��� the
small comm��ities wit� larqer t�wrzs Was cor�sidered �conomic��ly ua�f�asi�al�
far marry years, and railroads were just ideas arrd lots and �ots o� r�r� �so
W�t�r transporta�zon bec�tte a ma�or consideration f�r salviraq Iogi��ics
c��ob�.ecns. With the Santiam F.iver sy�tesa, t.�ae tzvo ffiain methods af traa�s�
��t���oa� t�at ar� of primary i,rx�ere��. in a a�aviqabilit}� stud}r rrere �h�
us� of ste�nboats f�r sI�i�ping and lac7 drive� fo� suppiyinq bo�h 16ca1
a.ad distant mil�.s.
'�hi� r�nort suq�orts the fact that steamboat shigping requ�arl.y t�oic
p�ace on the Santians River durznq the iat� 1840s �o around 1870; until
�`�� railroad passe� throug� Je?fe�son o� its �ray sou�h. Informa�ian
�air,eci �z°onc r�searc3� i�t6 th�s ar�� st�ongl� ir�dicate� tfia� shi�Rninq �irst
tc�ok ��ace at Svract8�� and Sa.ntz� C�ty (RM 7.4) and later in the 1@50s
moved u� to .7efterson anc3 the Conser mi�.ls (�! 9.0} . St,rong indicators
also pois�t to tize fact that shipping taok alace asinual�y at hiqh wat,er
periods as the steamboats had vrablems navzgatin� at loW Wate�.
�gboat� caane inta use on the Santiam arourid 191.5-m9�z'n�rt Towing Comnar�v
towed �a�fted Iogs annuaily from Jefferson to 4�euon City until the 195(�s �
Towiriq was also done d�rinq high wa�er perio�s-�i�ov�er to late .7une-�
averaging aoproximate�V 10 mil.lion fee�. of �ogs azinually.
Except �or an occasional excursion by a st�ar�oat to the forks and the
tri� o� �he "Callio�e" to Lebanon, Jeiferson was the head of navigatio� for
early �ay steami�oats as well as tu�boat activity �hat took �lace in �ater
years .
T3ie Santiam River from Jer�erson, OrPqon {RP! 9.0) , to tlie €orks {Ri-S 11.6)
is very similar zn r�any ways to the cnannel in the vici�lity af .Tefferson
�nd immediately c3ownstream. I�ctuall_y, the cnannel From 3effarson to the
£orks is more susceQtible to naviaa�ion �han �hat �ortion of the river
�elow 3effersQn due to ttie numerous sanc3stane outcron�ings �hat lend the
ri�er additianai s�abilitv. �elow Jefferson, tne alluvial cl�annel is
characterized �y numerous rneander �oons that nroduce iarge point bars and
di.f�icult-to-maneuver turns.
At the `orks, the North and South 5antia�s take on a very distinct sinuous
r�eandesing character, decreased voliame, i.ncreased gradi�nt, and narrow
���annels--maning both r3�e ilnrtn and Sout.'� forks less susceptible for
navigat�on by any cra�� ot!�er t::an cr�ft or iet �oa�s--used far recreation.
Log driving is an entirely dif`4rent stozy. :�og �rives took �lace on a �
major nortion of the Santiam River system. L�c} driv�s an tne :dort:i have
�xtende� as hiyh up as Ida:�ha (P.:�: 7p.0) ; nowev�r, regular drives bec�an in
the vicinity of Gates/�Si11 uity (Rr; 5�7.0) with tne larqer drives occurrinq
fron 1903 :.o around 1912. Sma 1J.er cirives by local landowne�'s and small
"�3Ypo" �vne o�erators were onqoinq ?riar to 19�� and continu�d up until
t:�e la-� 1�30s. L�q drives beginning at �ates wouid generaily end at
ilewherq, Sa1eM, or �recion City. Log drives averayed around 6 mi�lian feet
90
�er driv� w�;� two drzves pe- yea�e one in ��e sp�ing and one i,� th� fa1�
T�e fa1� drive, hdweve�, was not always as successful as tihe s�ring dr�ve
due to ��e un�redictiabie water �evelse
Lng drives o�. t�e S�ut:� Santiam also exten��d for a cansiderable distan��
uor�ver. Log dzives reportediy began in the vicinity af Cascadia (R� 6Z.�)
in an area the Crivers called "�Lue Lake"--�ocated apn�oximatel1 14 miles
abdve Swe�t Hame. T�e logs w�re driven to Lebanon as well as Je�£erson,
Newberg, 5ale�, and Oreaon City. Log dri�es beginning an some of t�e
tti�uta�ies were also taken d�wri �he 5out� Santiam to the vari�us nills.
tio�� af the f�cq�ent�y �sed tri�utaries were: ��d��e Santia.tn Fiamiltan
Creek, and C�abtree C��ek< '
Like an the �ort� Santiaan, Log drives down the South was an annual act�vit
�he Sautii reoortedly did nat produce ��e volum� of logs yielded by the
:�or �i Santiam. Drives down t'rie 5out� usually totaled around 3 million
Feet of 1og� per driv�. �he Norts'�, acc�rdinq tQ tnose interviewed, nad
�nar� accessi�a�,� t�mber th.an the Sau�h. 'The Sautn Santzam, howe�rer, ��as
saiu �o be a�,�ch easier strear,z ta drive due to its flatter gradiznt.
Loq drives on �:�e idortn and Sout� Santzams were done wit.iiout t;ae assistance
o� s�lash dams a� ot:�er structurps. Howe�rer, the tributaries of bot:� ~.;�e
tiorth and Sout�� �eportadly used splas� �ams ex�ensively.
AD�ENDUM
S1�1dTIAM RIVER NAVIf�ABILITY STLTL�Y
n.,
'-' I
3ames E. Farnel�, Ph.D.
Research Analyst IzI
DIV25iON 0�' STATE i�ANDS
5alem, Oregon
Apri1 198�
i�IORTH SAN`I'Ir1M
`I`he foregoing text of the Division of State Lands' report on the Sant-iam
River indicates that log cirives regu�ariy recurred on the [�orth �antiam trom
al�ove Gates {RM 40).�� Besides the large Spaulcling drivES before 191.3 and
the c}yppa operators' dza.ves as late as Yhe 193Q`s, other users aver a.IongEr
time frame can be specified. The I880 Censc�s o� Nlanufacturers zndicates that
two sawmi.3.ls in Stayton Precinct were receiving logs on the Santiam Ra.ver during
I8�9, E�ugh MciVea}. and 5haw & Sims � -°i L���r Jose�h Pe�zel aperated a Stayton
sawm�ill and regzstered his log brand 0 in May I9I3, Liens were p�aced on half
a million �eet o� logs in the caa�any's 1920 drive fro� Mehama Bridge to Stay�n,
He was still receiving lags on the ariver as �he Brown-Pe�zeJ. sawmill in 1923 and
103
prabably later.
Besicies th� a��idatlts attending 3ag c�rives on the North Santiam recountec
above, orher fata�ities anc3 mishaps occurred. In December 3902 a logger naxned
McRae drawned in the river above Mi�l City while fastening a cab3.e acrass it for
Curtiss Lttmber �d, 104 p �� n � ��y of the nexti year, Spaulding's lagqing fore�ran,
Mi.3ce ricLaughlin, employed J. W. Bewley witii a team of horses to he�p clear the
stranded logs and one horse was �'ragged back into the current and drowned.��'
A similar accident occurred above Stayton in rlay 1906. Liens w�re �Zaced
on logs at ;��hama in 1912 and other logs taken from Andezson Cree3c (Rt� 37.5?)
�
in 1935. 0 �
With reqard to the �ew cirives fram Zdanha an whi,ch Archie Kimsey particiga�ed, 108
thep probab?v only wen� as �ar as D�troi�. where the Ti�nherman described the
fol.lowing racility construc�ed by Curtiss Lt:mber Co. of Mill City in 19fl0:�
[they] are cons�ructing a canal be*_ween their mill pon� and
the end o* t Corvallis & Eastez'n spur on Breitenbush, for
floating logs down to the cars for shipmen� ta their mill
a� Mil� :.ity. 2`he canal is 600 feet lonq, 18 feet deep by
12 feet �,. cut through solid cement gravel, at a cost of
92
about $2,000, and wi�.l be boxed an �hF inside with lumber, with
a floodgate at �ach enci. 'I7�� canal will alsd turnish water
pow��r for loading �he �ogs, thereby saving the �xpense incurred
by loading with steain. The company alsa intends buzlding a
Iarge dam for the purpose of storin�} logs to be held in resexve
for the winter seasan so the mills wiil be able to rt:n fu13 time.
The State Fzsh Warden described �he dam at Breitenbush Cre�lc as being 25 feet
high in April 1903. As the usage was apparently shortlived, depended an
a. number of artificial aa.ds, and a.s li�tie documented, it is not used as a
basis of State claiin.
F�s t.o tributaries of �he Narth Santiam, the �ie drive from Elkk�orn proposed
a.n 19Q7 (p, 53 above)� was nat a success. In DECe��r 1907 a lien was placed
on 10,00� ties sca�tered from there to Stayton w�ere same were in th� Salem
Cana1.�� Elmer Taylar of Mehama, whose fami.ly had a�ona�ion Land Claim at
River F�iile 2 of that tributary, says tlzat �hE Brawn & Petzel lumber cor�any made
an s;nsuccessful attempt to take logs �own the river from nis fatt�er's land when
Elr.�r as a sr�il boy in the teens af this century. ��? 'I`herefore it would appear
tha�. the Li��le North For3c was no t navigab le for sawlogs or timber products and
the State wou�d not have a ciaim t.a any portion of its bed.
SOCTTfi SANTIAM
Aciditional infcrmation has come to light concerna.ng log drzves on the South
Santiam an� its tributaries. In the �irst place drzves on the South Santiam
apparently �ic3 not begin unti.l the L�ebanon Paper hii�.l decided to stop relying
on straw as the priinary basis of its pulp prodaction and alternatively began
to process woad puZp during 1903. � z�ediately there were no�.ices in the
r,.t., ..X t...,..._�._ �a ...a.u,.. ..i......... ..i�..t� ..�.-. ..a .-.�.. a-1... c,...�t.
LGUUiivii ieE+vSpapEiS vi �.aLii�i� diiu vuiGi V�JC1GtLU15 � t14l.11ly pulr+ wvvu �a«� uir .�vuu�
5antiam to float ta the papez mi.11, There were no notices of drives on the riv�r
�erore that da�e. T"ie South Santiam was a large river with s�rong �lows which
coula only be used in the period of receding waters after the h�avy spring freskxets
93
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and required strQng hooms to ho3d the logs, sr it is dot;k�tfu� ir t1 river had
been much used before 1903 for I.og tzanspozt.
The fol�owing accounts in Yhe Lebanon E�ress Advance record the deve�.op-
ment of cordwood and log flotation to Lebanon (Figs. A,B):�'�
"Sodavil�e" Men ar� cutting wood for Mr. LaPorte near Snlatexl000
He raft.EB a large amotuit of waod on the Santiam to Lebanon Iast
year and plans to c�o a bzg wo4d busi.n�ss this su�nrner.
17 Febr�arv 1903
"Sodaville" C. M. �aPorte is contznuing his waad cu�ta.ng business
on the 5antiam near h�re Yhis winter.
20 Noveinber 1903
...A force of about twenty-five men clid the int�restin� work f,�n] two
squads, one on each side of the river. Several experts manipuia�ed
the roll�ng s�ippery logs wi.tYs ease. _.aften taJcing the sma��est
log to be found and runna.ng it smoothiy as a boat. In shallow
places horses are required for the work, and the}� seem to en�oy it
as r.iuch as the men...21'ro rafts are used for the horses and a larger
one with a caver for the sleeping and eating arranqefnents of the
�rip. It is hard and hungry work, and some days wouz mea�s is the
order. Niar.y a duckir�g is received and par� of �he work itsel� is
in the water. When the camp passes a town, the boys sor�times have
a t�m.e....�esides the work o� driving, it Frseans �r�on# of hard work
z, by a large force of inen. .. in felJ.ing �nd ra�Iing the logs into the
water far thea.x long ride down stream,
I904'
The papermill is now recezving 600Q cords of wood c3own th� river
for fuel. Pu3.p lags are no� to be cut until t�.e sap rises so
they may be peeled.
14 ApriJ. 1905
300v c:ords of woad from Sweet Home area �or the paper mi3.1
arrived at Lebanon and the canal. on the 5outh Santiam rzver,
].6 t��y �905
'I7ie third high water o� the wzn�er was�ed away saw�ogs on the
rii and wood of the paper mill.
5 Febn:ary 190 l
'I'!3e new sawmill of the Lebanon Lam��er Co. einploys men upriver for
a^istan ce of 2Q miles qetting in logs and f3oatang th�m down to
the r�il.l, It makes business in Wa�.erloo and Sweet Home.
Z2 March �907
?5
A sma�l rise in the river broUght over 12D0 cords of wood down to
the paper mill. They were boomed a� 9 PM.
22 t�.arch 1907
1687 cords of wood cut in Pleasar�t Valley during the winter and
spring for the paper mill are being thrown in the river.
28 June 1907
The paper rnil.l sent a crew of inen above Sweet Home to start a big
run of wood clown the river.
3Q March I909
Nl. A. Bruer, Soclavill.e, has a big contract to get wood for the pa�er
coinpany.
2�. May 1909
Vexy hic� water in the South Santiam. Large qUantities of cordwood
and many sawlogs floated down the river.
23 November 1.909
N:. �T. Nye of Swe�t Home contracted for 4000 cards af white fir to be
cut and f�oated down �h� Santiam ta the Lebanor� Paper Co. this summer.
29 March 1912
°Immense T�og Drive" L�anan Lumber Co. now has a farce a£ men on the
S. S2sitiam making i.ts annual log drive. From 30 mzles above Lebanon
on Whitco�n,t� fork af Santiam 4,004,000 feet is a�ready in the stream.
hlors will be put in a1.3 down to Lebanon; the largest amount at rhe
tttouth of McDOwe13� Creek. 'I'f drive wi.11 total 7�0OO,OdO feet by the
time it reachas Le3�anon. There ha.ve been small drives in winter
when stages �er�titted, but this is the largest in the histazy of
i�1C iTilii. irr'. F7. ��Ou�Oii i5 u'a.r�Czi..iy u WCrjG.
"Ycurac, tdan Drowned" Fred Sloan drown�c after helping break a jam
on t t�orth Fork of the South San�iam S mi7.es above F`os ter.
12 April �912
"Another i�ian Drawned" Cenna.s O'Brien, 5C, drowned 20 niles above
Lebanon and 200 yar�s above wi�ere S�oan drowned.
23 P.przl 19i2
"sweet Home" The Hobson drive pa5sed here Sunday.
2� May 1912
'I`t�e cirive crew found Sloan's body when �assing Waterloo, 20 miles
be�aw whsre he cirowned seven weeks ago [Fig. S].
4 �t:ne ? 912
95
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Besides these references in the Lebanon newspaper, th e Oregonian noted
that Scroggins planned to float I.ogs d4wn Ch�adl� �ails arsd the L�banon canal.
orh�n h� started up the I,ebanon �,um�er Company in J.907 (Fig. C) . During
February of the same year, the Brownsviile Times` Moun�ain Home carrespanc3ent
�eported that Martin artd Gus Bensen had a contract to place �ogs in �he San�iam
for the Lebanon sawmiil and were cutting hear Swe�t Home. Finaily the
Tim�erman predicted zn October L914 tha� Lebanon Lumk�er Co, would still drive
the Sotith Santiam as it was the cheapes� way to get logs.
Linn Coun'ty Laggers �iens also document the reaches of the South Sasitiam
on which Iogs were driven. J. W. Phillips placed a lien on iogs he had driven
for the L�anon Lumber Company between Decemb�r 28, �.909 and I�.arch 25, 1910; he
claimed on;
800 saw logs being 400,OQQ f�et mvre or l�ss wfizch were cut in
Linn County, Oregon, anu a.re unmarlced, save about 30,000 feet
theseof which are marked thus H and X on one end of such logs
and are now lying in the timber and on the banks gf and in the
waters af the 5outh Fork qf the Santiam River in Linn Cot:nty,
Oregon. That 370,000 feet thereof more or less are in the
timbe� and on the �and of John Berry about four miles above Fost�r
and on the East side of the saic3 River and are where the same were
cut by the claiinan�, and are unmarked; and about 30,Q00 tEet are
in the waters of said xiver or on the banks thereof between the
plac�e where cu� cn tt?e said lan� abeut fo��r �riles �ove Foster
(RN� 40 J and the MiII pond of the I,ebanon Lu�n�er Co. near the City
o� Ler anon.
R, H. Sharinghousen placed a lien on 163,728 feeti of logs mariced Cizcle s he had
cut and �laced in the South Santaam three miles below Swee�. Home (�" 3p) between "
Jant�aYy 1 an� ��Iay 8, 191i for the Spaulding Logging Company, H. M. Bawser f�led
a lien on 1,�00,000 f�et af logs he had �h rown in the South Fork of the Santiam
at River Mile �0 tar Lebax�on Lumt�er Co., branded Circle H and L.L.Co., between
�pri1 4 and �'.ay 31, 1913.�
Roy �. �llio tt, wha gre�a up in Sweet f3ome and par�icipated in a drive ror
the Le�anon Lt:mher Company during the 1910-11 season, d�scriY�ed both th e corc-
woo� and �acr �rives at some length in this book Pro�iles o� Progress:
98
An early phas� of the Sw�e� Home economy was the cutting of white
£ir cordwood for the naper mili. The trees were felled and bucked
with crosscut saws into faur-foot lengths.....
The measuxe��nt of a cord of woad was four feet in width, =our
feet in height and eight feet in length_ In cutting the wood two men
worked to ac3vantage together, and sinder ave�age conclitions were able
to saw, split and pil.e four to six cords per day b�tween them.
Several thousand cords of white fir wood were cut annua].ly in tt�se
Sweet Home a�ea. There were few families, i� any, �hat were not benefited
in one way ar another by the project.....
'�'lie corchaood after being measur�d and Zeft for a certai.n drying
out period was then ready to be hauled, by team and wagon, �o Yhe rivex
bank. There it was piled i.n tiers ZO to 12 feeC. in height �or furt�her
drying out. When the haul.�.ng was finished t�he waod presen�ed a solid
mass, tier af�er �ier, from the brink of the river bank to the Lebanon
road....The image af �hat enozznous woodpile is still vivid in my memory.....
T4ze final step, for the white fir cordwood from forest to mi11 was
the river dri.ve from the High Ban�CS [F�g. A] to the mi1l a� Lebanor:.
The day the wo�d was d�nped intia the raver �nd the drive started was one
of excitement for the Ss�aeet Hame community.
The moving of cardwooc3 from �he river banks into the wa�er was, in
most part, done by hand labar. t�There practical harses we�e used and the
front tiers tight-lined into the water; on the �iers farther back sleds
were tased to advantage; but the work very largely was manual Ia4�or imple-
mented �y a wooden chute down the steep banks into the water.
Ti� was o� the essence. 'Phe over-ri.ainq avjective was to get the
waod zn the water an� on the way at fhe ap�ointed time, and with the
minimum of delay. �f fartunate enouqh to catch the river at a fairl_y
tmiform stage or slightly ris�ng, th� wood woul.d go through to �he mill
aJ.i=�nst unaided and with minimurn e�ense. Canversel.y, should th� rzver
fali shargly, r�hand�.ing flf �he wood was necessary and ti]^.e job became
time consuming and v�:.-y exp�nsive, Highwa�er �reshets wer� a cQnstant
m�nace ar.d di.ligen�Iy avoided whenever possible.
A ri�er drive consis ted o� several tho�:sand cords of waod, and unuer
favorable canditions wo�Id extend fram paint oi b�ginning to the mall.
The tim.e required, depending on water conditions, would nary from two
weeks �o one month, 'Ph� day's work consis�ed of 10 to 12 hours on the
job - no over�.ime pay. 4de� ciothes to wark in, and oftentis�es a damp
I�ed were al� in the day`5 work. The waqe rate rang�d from L�ao to three
do�.lars per day with baard, aszd thEre was no s�orta�e of help.
99
A pert�.ble cookhouse, often a flaating one snolmted on a raft
and called a wanigar�, moved along with the drive, Ti��e dining tables
were loaded with palatable anc3 who�esome food. Aftex supQer a rous-
ing bonfire was lighteci �o dzy clothinq; there was conversatian
about the �ob, story tell.ing, and sometimes the sinqing of folk
songs be�ore �.urning in for t.he night. No one returned home for
overriight. The day's wor3c was tao �ong and tzring, and means of
transportaCion too slaw a.n those days.
It took but a�ew years to skim the cream of this superior specie
of �imber and tn relega�e it to t13e category of limited supply and
vanishing specieo....
* * * THE LOG DRIV'ES * '� *
The alarm ' Man Overboa�'d!' ecl:oed ahave the noise of the river.
A rewboat shot inta the current and hastily moved toward a man strugqling
i.n the water some d3.stance away... Such a nappening was comtnonp�.ace and
all in a day's wor3t on a Iog driv�.
The swollen waters of the South 5antiam River tested the skill and
the coura5e oF an experienced boatman.... A mtsstep on a floati.ng or
revolving �og, or in the surging flood waters sometimes resulted in
disaster, as was true an one drive on which twa men last their �ives.....
Prior to �he coining of the railroad and the gasaline motor trucks
to Sweet Home, the xi.ver was the transpor�at�on route for saw logs,
and the Scroggins SawmiZl a� Lebanan the principle source o£ demand,..
� 4rdinarily, 25 to 3C men were employed.....There were �0 or 12
of these men in the ganq on the pa�ticular drive on which I also
woxked.....
'?'he zem.azkabl� skiil a� thESe rivermen in handling a floating
�og �•��z a peavy c��.s scr.ietk�ing to behold: 'i'hey would stiand on a small
log near ane end and, using the peavy as an aar, talce the Iog across
rhe river with the ease of an ordinary xowboat...ali the while simul-
ating the agility af a cat by standing on one foot and scratching the
water with tha calks o£ the oth�r ��r Yh e benefzt of spectators.
Irish D?ike Cosgrove and French Fa�.ph Blanchard were the star persona3ities
of these as of other log drives in tY:a Wil�as�sette Basin,
Besices the Le�anon `actories, Fred �vo��li, who haci at 1eas� ane saw�ll
on Fiiley �.reek at Foster (Figs. IrE) , also drave logs on t.kie Snur.h Santiam.
A lcqger nar.ted Brady delivered a quarter r,iillion feet of sawJ.ags to Wodtia's
millpond c�wn Triiley Creek itself during November 1901, but �here w�r� con-
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siderabie difficultzes in the dravP teading to a lawsuit and there is no
other information about the vse of that tributary for log driving.�� �he
Bro��rns��ille Tzmes report�d that Wodt�z and the Bzady boys were veYy anxious
concerning their saw �.ogs because ex�reme high wa�ez in early �'ebruazy .I907
�.hreat�ned their navigation down the riv�r. It was not tuztiil Jaauary 1911
that Fr�d WodtZz registered hzs brand for logs to l�e driven on the South
Santiam.
Ano�her "os�er sawmil� awner, William Mea3.ey a�so fl.oated logs down the
Santiam River (Figs. C, H}.� A lien by Roy To�bert vs. F?ufford and 2•iealey
prabably re�ers to tiheir operation. Tclbert claimed a lien:
upon Iogs being a�out four-hundred-thousand-feet, rr�ore or �ess,
which were beinc banked and throwed into the Santiam River �rom
[R2�I 39 ] ar.d marked thus : X, with a blue cross, and there are
now lying in the Santiam R�ver abaut one-hundred-and-thirty
thousand �'eet of �ogs, and abou� one-hundred-and-seventy-thousand
feet of Iogs �.ying in a siough on the abov� described land, an�
also abou� one-h�:nc�red-rhousand f�et of logs are lying where ti�ey were
cut {between February 20 and April 28, 3.913) ,
5outh Santiam Tri� utaries
As the abov� account of the imm.ense cirive of 191i on tt:e Sot�th Santiam
indicated, a�arge access a� lags was expected from rlc�owell Creek. This
�ri.bu�ary {Fig. I) had had a long his�.ozy of log driving use. Details of
�his history were given duzing Ma.y 19�2 as testimony in the case of Lebanon
Lumber Co, v Leonard (58 OR 147), Mr. R. C. Watkins, then aged 56, who had �
lived near rhe creek for 45 years tes�ified thati logs. woac� and sha.ngl� tir��er
rad been floated on t+!clJowe2Z Creek for a0 years. '�`Y:e =irst person he fcnew
i drove iags on it was �axvey r•iint, a rormer Sneri�z of Linn �:aunty. .-?r.
4datkins moved to N!cDowell Creek when he was between 12 and �4 years of age
{�P68-70) and the next winter Flint drove irom about L.ro t�iles up tihe creek
{Fi.q, I} �ast the Watkins' new homE to his sawmill a� the tt�outh af th� creek.
104
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6datkins wi�nessed drives by F3.in� �uring two-three seasons. He was succeedect
as owr_er ef the r�i�..� anc� driver of ��cDowell Creek by Price & Nickerson. They
drove four or five years and Mr. Wat�cins once worked on their drive when th�y
tAOk logs aff the 4latkins piace (Rt� 1.5) and a mile or so above. Next Ross
Huc�hrey and John Devine then drove Ioqs down the creek to the saine �ill £or
a nu�r�be� of years and again Watkins worked on a drzve ane season, he believeci
in the year 1883. Hump�reys opera�.ed the �ni�.l arid drove the stream until
about 1890. �iaf]c�ns judged tha� it was a floatable stream, "I've drove on
severa� streams, and it's as good as � ever drove on." Lat�r Lebar�on Paper riill
drove paper cordwcad down the creek and Watkins too�C down four toot shingle
bolts suffici�nt to manufacture 100,Oa0 shingles, Though some sawlogs were
hauled to t'�� saw during the su�ner mon�hs in the early period of logging,
most o� �he logs were taken ou� on the creek during the winter fres�iets.�'
�. Wii� Sout2:, aged about �4, lived with his grandfather between r*cDowe31
and �?ami� tor. Creeks when he was a ve�y small boy and r�merc�ered his grandfather
helping Harvey �miY.h drive hicDOwell Creek. He confirmed that Price and Nzckerson
and then Ross Humphrey drove 3.ogs ciown the creek. After tha� there were
Z� 1oy dr:i�cs ori i.i.e strear;� un�ii i9v i wneri tne uei�anon L�.uni�er Coripany aegan
t:o r:�ke drives. 5out'.'t� worked on thea.r drives on the cree?c and himsel� tcok ou�
large �uantities o� paper wood for the Lebanon Paper Co. He also knew o�
sringle boits being floated down the creek. South roomed wi�h Steven Powell,
aged 5?, who :�ad participated in one of Price and Nic}cerson's drives tharty to
�hirty-�ive �ears before in which some 200,000 feet of sawlags were taken dcwn
�Y:e creek. :•�re recentiy he had also driven the creek for Scroggin on a crew
of six men �i�:� a horse t�am. East and NIr. Swink, a local `arr�er, a3so
participatec ��it;� nFr� an t.�;is dri�e.�
108
J. C. �vine, wha had been a partner in the sawmill from 1871-z876 with
Price and �Iickerson and again in �.881 with R4ss :�umphreys, confirmed that
they had obtained their lags by £lotation down the cree?c from at least a mile
and th ree-quar�ers above tihe mouth,
Principal testimony in the case was given by P. M. Scroggin, President of
L�anon Lsurh�r Ccmpany, and f�y W, H. Hobson who wes in cnarge of his log drivinq
operations. Sc�ogair, testi�'ied t,hat their company owr.ed ianc�.s 3 miles up the
creek from w�ich they took their logs:�
We p�t those lags inta this creek during the sLUnmer month, when
it is good wea�her, an�' aZong the banks, and during the winter
fre5hets we run them down the stream about two mi�es and a half
wher� we have a storage pond, anc� then a.long in t�} spring of the
year, when the water is suitable in the river, we open ug that
storage pona and �ake those iogs out. �'he reason for s�opping
then in the storage pond is that during th� winter r�nths the
river (5. Santiam� is generalZy too h�gh and it is c�anqerous to
come out. W� have a large amaunt of 3.ogs in the Santiam FZiver
now that's been brouqh� down, and when this �rift comes down
*Y:ay are all pu� pu� �oqether and taken �o the mili at one t�.me.
S actua3.ly worked on the drives using a peavey to i:elp dislad�,e logs,
usua�ly fro�n I2 to 24 zeet in leng�h tha� jammed aqainst obs�ructions. `I'here
had been considerable trouble wi�h t.he 19I2 drive of a mi�3ion feet ot ].o�s:
'rhere is probably from tcao to three hcs�ared thot:sand feet that
zs s�rung along the creek that we haven't rolled in arid brought
down, and some clear back �.o the logging camp; probably eigh��•
or ninety r_housand fee� �h.ere. Histi we have probably �-n tir�er
there forty r:u..�lsons al�oget'r3er on tliis tract of �and.
Scroggin �urt�:er testified that the Lebanon Paper Nlil.� nad been getting p�a
wood cown ��TcDoweJ.� Cx��k si.nce 1905 and continued to us� t.he stream during
Tne years his iumi�er �U�any was dr� ving it.
Alt}:ough the Oregon Supreme Court dec���d that i�!c�owell Creek was no� a
navigab_e wa�es�ray and prohibi�.ed tur�k:er drives ot� the stream, ti.e evidence
in trie case woul� seem *..o inda.cate that Usaqe m�t the Federal test �or navi-
gability as:d that the 5�a�e a� Oregon therefore has a claim to the lower fe��r
109
miles of its bed on the basis or successfu]. �ransport of logs and tamber
products on its surface during a periad af some �h irty years.
TestimQny in Lebanan Lumber Co. v Leonard frequently referred to parallel
drives on Ha�ilton Creek. �`t3e i880 Census reportied that J. G. Peed's 5ons ha�
a sawmi�I at the mouth oE this creek and obtained their logs on it.
� Other
references are to the period from 1907 when the Lebanan Lu�nber Co. had ti�er
holdirgs an hamiltan Creek and used it to fioat out sawlogs.135 Cassa A, woal.sey
placed a lien nn 833 saw�ogs marked M and CircZe S cut between November 26,
1906 and June 23, 1907 below �Yee �a].ls of the creek some 3-a mi�es above Ber�in
�� g _ 1 � } . 136 �.,e same season W. H. Hol�san was �alcing ou� a large drive trom
th� stream for a sawr,iill in �3efferson;
One o� ihe largest l.og drives 2ver �loated in this secta.on is
now being made on Ha�i3t�n Creek by W. H. xo�son. '�here are
three mi3lion fee� of iogs i.n t.he drive, and this q�ntity
of timber is bea.ng floated down Hami3.ton Creek into the
Santiam R�ver. The logs wi�l. be taken to the �7efferson
sawmi.l l .
• In I912 Hobson testified tha� during the past four years he had driven logs out
of Hami.lton Creek far F�ebanon Lumber Co. �� Scrogc}�n c3ESCribed their 1912
139
shcna on �'a� ton Creek :
5�1e ran outi this year about five days, getting out af 4-iamilton
Creek with our logs. It las ted �hat long this year...We ran
th�m out of Hamilton Creek a distance of about th ree miles
�o the m.i11...WeI1, the cree3c there is only ahout four miies
long.
We took...at that time over a million feet of iogs out of
Hamiitor. Creek, and it is a creek that is jus� th� same as
NcDowell, only at isn't as good a creek. We took thase out
between �he first and sixth of i�ay. We didn't i�a�le ver�r
much rain, either.
C. I�. Swink a�so testified to driving �ogs on Hamilton Creek.
A third �rib utary of the South 5antiam, Crabtree Creek (Fiqs. K, L) a�so
sustained log drives. As the aUove Div�sion report ind�cates, the Linn County
�.10
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Court dec�ared Roaring Creek and Crabtree Creek �o the Santiam River �o be
highways for floating an d transporting �ogs, t�mber and timber products on
August 3, 1892 (p. 60). This usage led to some vioJ.ence on �he stream,� 1�ut
it se�ms to have regular�y sustazned Zog drives �h ereaf�er (see above p. S9):�
'Santiam' The Spaulding crew is busy ro�linc} logs into Crahtree
Creek for a big drive to Oreqon City.
29 Apra.� 1904
'Larwoc3d' Spaulding Logging Co. has logs on the bank of Czabtree
Creek near here prepared to float 'them down the creek.
6 May 1904
In ,7ar,uazy 1907, �3. Ba�tron testified that he lzad driven logs on Crabtree
Creek.� Q�er drives took place on Crabtree Cr�ek in 1912 and 1.915 and
probal�ly Iater:�
'Crabtree' Lebanon Paper Mi3]. Co. is getting 1500 cords o� wood
from Lacomh country float�d down Crabtree Creek an� loaded here
on 13 [railroad] cars. L. G. Miller also is sending several cars
of chair wood �or A�any chair factory.
28 May �912
John Hobson 3ost a hors2 du�ing fhe wood drive on Crab tree Creek.
26 March i93.5
As for the last larae tributary to the Iower Sou�h Santiam, Thomas Creek,
�. Bartron claimed in 1.907 t.o have driven it as well as Crab�ree Creek.
�.4 5
Leland Prather recalled that Ral�h Blanchard and ,7ohn �ay cantracted to drive
a
Thomas Creek but said they prac�ically lnad ta carzy the loqs o�t. In
1915 zt was reportec� from Jordan (Rt� 19; Fig. M? thafi. Lehanon Lumber Co.
had a pulpwood dri.ve on 7.'fZOmas Creek. L47 �e usage, . thQUgh �.i.�ited, wou].d
seem to indicate that '1'homas Creek was a highway for commerce.
With regard to the estuary of the Santa.am, Lreland Prather testified that
both McCartney Slough an� Crooks Cree3c were both used ta talce out hardwood logs
11�
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�•�,.�;W��:�
usec3 by Doernbacher Furniture Co�any.� D. M_ Cooper wrote �.o Chas, K.
S�aulding about his use ot r�cCartney Cree}c in 1897:
I will comm.ence Putting out L�gs for you in a few days. Wi].1
put the I.ogs in my Boom at the mouth of the McCartney Creek
under 1�pes & Dogs on the Same terms that Holt & Metsgar do.....
A.Lbany , �ax� . 14 th �.89 7
There was a Big .7am of Drift I.Qgs in the McCartney near its
mouth which had to be removed before any Lcgs could be got tA
the Eoom ;ahich has caused the delay in the matter. WY�en we got
the �7am out there was i0 of my Logs went with it, wish yau
would loek ou�. far them.....
A�bany, Apr. i0th 1897
�
114
C�NCLUSZON
On the hasis of the above facts of navigable use, the S�a�e o� Oregon
has the hasis for a claim to the bed of the fo�lowing waterways in the
Santiari Hasin:
WA'£ERCOliFLS� tI�P�R LIMIT UPPER LIMIT - APPRI]XINIATE LL)CA3'IQN
Santiam En�ire length Above Jefferson
i�orth Santiam River NSi.le CO Above Ga�es
South 5antiam River i�iie 48 Beiow Cascadia
Middle Foxk River M.ile 8.8 �uartzvxlle Cr�ek
t?cI]awe 1� Creek :4a.ver Mz le a
Hamil�.on Creek River I�iie 9 Above Berlin
Crabtree Creek :Ziver [�4ile I7, 5 I�aring River
Thomas C�eek River Mil� 20 Above �ar�an
McCartney (McCarthey)
Slough Entire length
Croo}cs Cre�k Raver Mile 4
ll5
A P P E N D I X
BIHIsIOGRAPH�t
B(?OICS
Ba.ncraft, H�er°�, Ha, Histary of Oreq��
�e1�. G. (e�. }. Oreqvn Blue Soak 1975�1976, publi.stxed �� Cla�r �lyer� o
Secretazy af State.
Carey, Charles H., History of Ore oc�n.
Clark, Down, 91ue, iiistory of Oregan
Clark, Rabert C., History of Willame��e Vallev �regon, �� .7< ����tce
— � __. .. __ ,.. ,,..
P��isk�irag C8. , 1927.
Carniilq, �i�aa�d M. , W�l�aanette Landings , Oregan Hist�rica� 5ac�e�,
2nci ed�ticax�, Gla�� Dahlstzom p�znting, i947.
Dsew, Harry .7., Stream Naviqa�ion.
Gi�1, F°. B. , Or�on S�xeam �iaviga�ion.
G�3,�, �`. �, , ur�finishe� �is�o af HaviQatior, iss are e�r� a�id wasi�inaton
Eiines, H. IC. , I�lustsated Histor�r of the State of 0�°eqan�
Lockley, Fred, Cnlumbia River Va11ey Fr�m The Dalles to th e Sea,
Tt�� �. .3. Clar4ce Pub�ishing Co. , 1928.
I��rsci�. V�x°� Martin, E'ree Land for F�ee yer� Artlin� Prir�t�ag, 1973e
M��l�c, F�d�11 V� . P, Histo of Transnor�ation in the Paci�ic �rthwest.
2�il.ls, Ranciaii V., Stiern-wheslers Uv the Columbia Pacific Boaks, i947.
�tul��r�, F'loyd C., Lan� of I,inn palton Printing. i971a
New���. G�rdon, �Sarine Historv af the Paczfic Northi+est
ne�eii. voraon ana �riiiianisorr, Jo�, Paci:ic Ltuniaer Shi.ns
Robexts, 3�an, Elkhorn and Mehama
Sco�t, fiaxve�, �Tisto of Oreqono
Smi�, Frar�l� .7. , MarinQ Record o� Oreaon, 1850 - I917.
Smi Ux, E°zank ,7., Oreg�n Steam Naviqation.
'�i�nen, F'ritz, ,�1ow For a Landing Caxton P�in�ers, S�t�,. , i973�
Tucker, E. w., History of Oregon
BOOKS (cont.?
Waggoner, George A., Stoxies of Old Ore on.
Wallinq, A. G., History of 5outhern Oregon
Wright, E. W., Lewi.s and Drvden's Marine History of the Pacific
Ka rthrres t .
42EPORTS - PERIODICALS
Advisory Cammi�.tee to the State Land Board, "Qregon's Submerged and
Submersible Lands," 1969--70.
Advisory Co�eittee to the State Land Boar�, "Oregan's Suk�merqed and
Seibmersihle Lands," 5ecand Biennial Report, December, 1972.
Bureau o£ Municipal Research and Service, "Sweet Home's Podulatifln
and Economic Resources," U of O, 1959.
Crown Zellerbach, "A Brief Histarical Sketch of Lebanon," 1942 and
1950.
Lane County Hi.storical Society, "Lane County Historian," Vol. 18,
No. 2, Sugmter, 1973.
MacDuffee, K. M., "Navigation - Upper willamette R.iver 1846 - 1936,"
A report to the U.S. Corps of Ehgineers.
Marion County Historical Society, "Marion Cocznty IiS.stozy," 1958.
Moun�ain States Power Company, "An Industrial Survey of Staytan,"
Civic Service, 5aiem, 1�SI.
Oreqan Historical Society, Oregon EFistorical Quarterly
Voi. 32, Ho. 4- 1931
Voi. 32, �Io. 3 - 1931
Vol. 44, No. 2- i943
Oregon State Depaz�tment of Fores�ry, Forest Log, Octobez, i976.
Oregon State Highway Division, Parks and Aec�eation Sectian,
"Scenic Water Study - South Santi.am River," May, 197Z.
Oregon Timberman 4�gazine)
Vol. Z, No. 8, page 17 - 1940
Vol. �., No. I2, page 7- 19fl0
Vol. 3, No. Zfl, page 6- 190Z
Vol. 6, No. 1, page 24B - 1905
Vol. 7, No. e, gage 40S - 1906
Vol. 7, No. 11, page 34 - 1906
Vol_ 8, No. i2, paqe 24D - 1907
Vol. 9, No. Z, paqe 49 - 1907
State Water Resaurce Board, "Midd�e Wi�.lamette Riverbasin," June, 1963.
U� � e C� E. ,"Fl�d P1ain In£ormatian South Santiam ftive� � Y�araaa� ,. "
��� , 1973 0
U.S.C.�., "Flood Plain Information Sou� Santiam River s SWeet fiem�,"
.�wrxe , 1� 74 ,
t�a�aCo�., ' PZair� Infornta�ion Willame�.te Riv�r ar�d '��i�u�a�a�ies
in Marioe� and �oi� Couri�ies," Mav, i96��
U.�.G.S., �ep�rt��n� of Interzar, "Fozest Canditians iux tY,� �a�����
r'�rige Fo�r�st Reserve, paq� 3g, Serzes 6, 1903.
UoS.��S., �7eoartment af i�terinr, "Water Resonrce �ata for O�egar�
Surface water R�cords," 1973.
watex R�source Research Iz�stitute, Oreqan State Univer�ity, "�cia �
Cultur�l Im�acts o� �a�er Ftesnurc�s," i97Q.
4� e F' . A., "�i,� tory o f Linn Couaty ," Second . 1� 7C1.
:�F�rd5 PP� �RS
Cas�i�al ,7ournal
Marc3i 8, 1955 - Sec�. 2, page 5
'Pt�e Lebarion £xpress
� �une 4, 1959 - Thursday
oresonian
February 3 , 1872 - �aage 3
,7anuary 25, 1869 - page 3
�evem�ex 11 1925
fi�a�ua� 3, 167� - Dage 3
.�c�ri� �2 , 189 3
Stav�on Mai1
�lay 11, , 1906
.7une 1 � , �90 7
MA.P S
Diagram of a Po�tion of dregon 'Sezritozy, Suz`veyor Gener�l affice,
3 oKti ...a , oc� '
Je4JJ1 aaau ��..+`.
Illustrate� Historical Atlas Map af Ma�aon and L�nn Counties, 1�780
Map a£ tY�� Surveyed Po�tions of Oreqcn �°er���or�►� 5u�v�y�r Genera.L
�ff�c�, �ctober 21, I85��
AGENCIES
State of Oreqon
Commerce, Department of - Corporation Division
Fish and Wildlife, Department a€
Forestry, Department vf
Geoloqy and Mineral Indvstries, Department of
Marine Soard
Oregon Historicai Society
Qregon StaCe Library
Oreqon 5tate University Lzbrary
Revenue, Department of
Secretary of State - Archives
Transportation, De�artment of - Highway Division
Water Resources, DepartmEnt of
Count�
Douglas County Historical Society
Marion County Historicai Society
City
srownsville Museum
Federal
U.S. Bureau of Land Management
U.S. Corps of Engineers
U.S. Forest Service
U.S. Geoiogical Survey
?5
�o���
1 State water Resocsrce Board, "Mir3dle Wi�lamette Etiver Basir�," Juai� 1563,
p. 9Qm94..
��ic$, , �ta�.e T�at�� Re�ou�'ce a�a�d.
�Ibide, State r�ater Resaurc� Board.
�U.S.Ce��, °Flood P1ain Information - Wz],lamet�a Rivez� and ?"ri�uta�°�es,"
�iay i968.
�State S�fater Resource Board, "Mzddle willamette River Basin," Jux�e L9o3,
�. 90-94.
6 t]ivision of 5tat� Laazds, "Saaitiam River Characteristi� Stuciy," 1976a
7 wate� Res��x�ce, p���onal C�r�tac�o
8 �iwg�iot� e�f State i.ands, "Sar�tiau� River Characteristic Study," 1976,
9 �aide, Divisinn of Stat� Lands, 197be
1 �U�SoCr�. F "Fi�d Plain Informatiart - WillametLe Rive� and Tri.:�+��arie�."
f+[aay ��68, V�Y. T, p� �7.
llIg�i�, ,�i�vision of State Lands, 1976.
��Ibid., [J.S.C.Ea, May 1975, g. 27-28.
:�
��.seC.�., "�`load P�ain �n~ormat�on � 5outh santiam �ive�," �une i97�,
p. �,4'�.
��'�bid., Division of State Lands� 1976e
� C. Hoss/Caurbland �.. Smith, "Socio-cultural. Impacts of. �7a�er
Resource Develop�nent in t:�e Santiam Rive� Basir�," t9ater Resources Research
Ir.stitute, 05tT, Octaber 1970, n� �.
� Divisian af 5tate Lar�ds, 197�<
1 �CI.S.C.EF, "F�c�ad Plain Infor:r�a�ior� � 5auth Santiafi River," 7une ?973,
�� 1.
� Spectate�r, Thur�c�ay, �ecemk�er .1�, 1J43.
��Edgar wilZiam� & Co. ,°Illus�.rated £i�st�ric�� A�la� Map Ma�ion ar�d
L�. Caunties, Oreqon," 1878.
�fl'I'tte Oregan Historical Quarterly, Syracuse and 5antiam Citv, 12y5-61,
Sentember 1931, Voi. 32, No. 3.
Z1 5 ale m Statesman, December 9, 18b1.
Z C. Mulien, The Land of Linn.
z�Jesse Steiwer �oug�as, The Oregon Historicai Ouarterly "Beginn`ings of
Jefferson," I7eceml�er 1931, Vol. 32, No. 4. �
24 2bid., p. 330.
25 Edgar WilZiams & Co., "I1lustrated Historical Atlas Man of Marion/Linn
Counties, Qreqon," I878.
26 Ibid., OreQOn Historical Quarterly, "Beainnings of Jef£erson."
27 Marion Count_y Historica� Society, "Marion County History," Z958, Vol. 4.
28 Thomas C. Hoss/Courtland L. Smith, "Socio-cul�ural Impacts of Water
Develannent in the Santiaai River Basin," OSU.
29 lbid., OSU.
3Q lbid. , OSt3.
31�dQar Williaans & Co., "Illustrated Hzstorica� AtZas Ma{� of Marion/Linn
Counties, Oregon," 1876.
32 Ibid., Division of State Lands, 1976.
3 �Robert Carlton Clark, Ph.D., HistorY of th e_Willamette Vallev, Qreqon,
�0�7 ... . _._
� p. 568-570.
35 �bid., n. 568-57Q.
36E��ar Williams & Co., "Illustrated Historical At1as Map of biarion/Linn
Counties, Oregon," 1878.
��Crown Ze�lerbach, "A Srief Historical Sketch of iebanon," 19�2 and i9�0.
38�
3 gIbid.
40 Edgar Wiliiacns & Co., "Illustrated Historica� Atlas Map of "larion/Linr.
Countzes, Oreqon," L878.
41 •Phe Timberman, 1903, Vol. 4, i�o. 10.
97
42 Divisio� o� 5tate Lan�� Inte�vi�� w��ti t�L�� � E��sa�et�+ �u�h�� .�eh�ma .
Qreg�n . Se�tesnber 2� . 19 7� .
����vision of State Larads Intervier� w��s k�. A.z°ck��.� i��e�, �eg��e� 16,
19760
. a �Ma�ion Cous,ty �irc�ai� Cou��. Eug�r�� R�ler, �o ��au�din Lo �e�
Sep��mber 2�, I906<
45 �id. , Archie Kimsey.
`��,�ean Roberts, E�khorn and t�ehama n. '31 �
� Archie Kimsey.
`� S Oregan Timberman Decem�e� 19Q7, V�1. 9, N�o 2, p. 4�.
4 � 'The Stavton Mail �uri� 14. �9L]7, �, ��
S � C�r2coa �i�ezman .Tune i9d6, Vole '3, ;I�o 8, p� 40�a
Sl �id., Archie Kimsey.
S�Tbido , Archie Kim.sey.
� �Oregan '�i�e�sa.n , �7u�� 1948 , Vo3� . 9 , �c� � � , r� � 4 °� e
S �Ozeqon Tir�erman, Segtember 1906, V�sY. 7, N�. �1, P. ��€�
� T_imberman, 3ur�e 1906, Va�� 7, Ncae 8, p� 405.
56 0re on Timbex�an. Octobez� ��07� Vcal. 8, Noe 1�, �a. �4��
� 7 0��r�on Timbermar� . t�ov�m��� 5�07 , Vo� . S, *Fo � x �
5 �rbida , Arc�ie �sey; and Divisior► of State I.�rads In�er�rie� �rit.'�.
L�lar�d Prather. Sep��er 25, L�76�
� , i.elan�� Prathere
60 lbida, LeZand Prather.
o �gl�oVd Ca Mull�r� T3`i� Land o� Linrx
�' Couaity Cir�ui� C�urt, '�.atilda L. �arland v< <r7. ,I. '�ur:sidae,
�p�il 1�06, Vol. 2C, p� .�26<
�'�I.bid.
64 �, Macfluffee, ":�av�qa�ian � U�fle� willam�t�e F�.ver, 1846 - 1936a"
6 �Ibzd., �,eland Prath��.
6b p�vision of S�ate Lan�s, Historical Rese�rch, Z975-77.
��Cyracuse {sic), The S ectator, '�hursday, December 13, 1849.
6B Capital Journal Salem, Oregon, T�esday, March S, 1955, SQC. 2, p. 5.
�'g A�bany E�eninq Democra January 6, 1876.
��Ibid., Mac�uffee.
��Ibid., FSacDUffee.
72 Ibid. , i�3acDuffee.
73 lbid., "Beginninas of Jefferson."
74 Ibid. , "Beginninc}s of .Ieffersor�. "
75 Marion County Historical 5ociety, "Marion County History," 195Q,
Vo1. 4, p. 10.
7 �Oregon Statesman, March 28, i931, Voi., 81, No. 1, Sec. 2, p. 6.
�� Lewis and Dryden's Marine iiistory of the Pacific i3orthwest
7e Howard t�. Corning, Willamette Landings.
�`�Alice Greve, Interview with Wesley S. Conser, Aecember 1942.
g �Ibid., Historical Atlas.
e lTbid., Historical Sketch of Lebanon.
��Ibid., willamette Landinqs A. 225.
$�R. C. Clark, Willamette Valley, Oregon p. 47.
84 ���a11 V. MiZls, Sternwheelers qp the Columbia p. 60. _
85 Ibid., MacDuffee.
$�'Ibid., MacDuffee.
a�_
�• Aibany 5unday Democra Aprii i7 J.�S11.
88 flreaon Statesman 80th editian, Marcn 26, 1931, Vo1. 81, No. 1, 5ec, 2,
p. 6.
B 9 Albanv Deinocrat-Herald April 17, 1871.
90 Division of 5tate Lands Intexview with Charles "Smokey" SGoller,
September }.5, 1976.
- cy ca
91 Zbi� a , „ 5mokey e ��
��Oregon H.istorical rtar3.y, 5ept��r I9�1, Val. 3Z t3o< 3, g� �C?��20��
93 ll�id. , 'I'lie Land o� Lin�
� , Ttte I.and c�f Lirin
��Zbid_, The Land o� Linn
��Ibido Historica� Atlas.
��H. Ae Minter, LTmnqua Valley, Oreqon, and Its Pioneers.
98 Ibido, i,and of Linn
99 lbid., Land of Linno
Y00. Above, pp. 38-57; sEe also Stayton P'[aii, 15, 29 Dec 1905, ll June i906,
7,7une 19p7, IO Dec Z909, 6, 27 May 191Q, I6, 23, 29 May 19I2; Linn Cot:nty
Court P�oceedings, Vo�.. 16, �. 327, Linn County Courthouse, Albany; and
Testiman�r, p. 180 in 61 OR 98, State Archives, 5alem.
I01. U. S. Census 1880, Original Returns, Schedule 3, t�grs., 5awmills, Marion
County on Microfalm 28-49, State Librazy, Salem.
102. Lir.n County Log Brand Record, p. �.25, Linn County Caurthouse; Masion Co[u�ty
Mechariics Lien Book V, gp. 2C1-53; h]arion County Lagqers Marks & Brands, I,
p. 17; MariQn County Circuit Court Case Ko. �5,060, Marion Caunty Court4�os�,se,
Sa�.em.
1C3. Timbexman, 2�k: 7(i�7ay 1923} , p, 42.
104. �rownsville Times 19 Dec 1902.
IaS. Xamhii� County Circuifi. Court Case No. 3845, Yamhill County Courthouse,
McMinnville.
106. Stayton Mail �1 May 19Q6.
107. Marion Coun�y Niechanaas Lien Book I�I, pp. 308-09, 388, 595, 600-OZ.
108. Above, p. 90 and Bivision of State Lands interview witr Archie Kimsey,
Salem, 1b Sep� 1976, pp. 3-4.
104. Co3.umbia River and Oregon Tirnberman, �.:11 (Sept 3.900), p. 34 and see Ibid.
5 : ]. (Nov 19Q3) , p. 20,
11Q. F'ish War�en's Diary, �.90I-1908, p. lOa, 5tate Archives.
�I3. Archie Kiinsey interview, pp. 2- 3.
?�2. rtarion County P•!ect Lien Bock Izr, �n. 32I-22, �49-54; �'arion Col:nty
Ca.rcuit Court Case No. 9044.
11?. Telerhone ir.t�rview wit.T: E�mer Taylor, TM�e;�ama, 3.9 Dec 1980.
I3a. T,ebanon Ex�ress-Rdvance 29 Dec 1903; the date 1906 in Floyd C, Mull�n,
Land af Linn (E,ebanan, Z973) , pp, 242-43 would seem to be too late though
that is the year they began ta use calcium sulphate, Linn County Carcuit
Court Case I�To. 9077, Linn County Courthouse. Le�anan Paper Co. dic� not
register its own iog mark, B_amand L, for th� South San tiam and its
cributaries untii 5eptember 6, 190 Linn Caunty Log Srand P,ecard, p, 17.2.
1I5. Lebanon Express-Advance under dates ga.ven; £ron 1912, reFerences are to �he
Lebanon Express. � ^
IZ6. Repro�'uced i.n M. S. Carey and P. H. Hainline, 5wee� Home (Brownsville:
Calapooia Publications, �979}, p. 85.
1Z7. Oregonian 8 .7tz�.y 1907.
1�8. Brownsvil�.e Tirres 22 Fe� Z9Q7.
II9. Timberman �.5;12 (Oct 19i4), p. 50 and see 13:7 (hlay 1912), p. 32A.
120. Linn County Record of Li�ns, Book �#� p. 525, Linn County Courthouse.
�21. Ibid Book 5, pg. 37, 200.
122. Roy A. ElZiot�, Pro�iles of Progress (Eugene, J.97�), pp. 5e-56.
123. Ibid pp, 65-67; Division of S�.ate Lands interview wit?i Bert Pickens,
Forest Grove, I5 Auq 1978; H. ,7. Cox, Randam I,en�ths (Eugene, I.949) , P].. (1 ].
124, All�any L�er,iocrat-Heral.d, 25 Aug 1948, Sect. �I, p. 15.
�25. Linn County Circu�t Court Case No. 7955; Calumbia River and Or� on Tim,be nnan,
5:9 (Jul.y 1904} , p. 22.
125. Brownsv�lle Ti[nes S Feb 1907.
Z27. Lir.n County Log Brasid Record, p. 123.
3.28. Carey & Hainline, 5weet Home, �a, 84; Ellzott, Profiles, p. I39.
I29. Linn County Record of Li�ns, Bock 5, p. I.8°.
130. Transcript, pp, 44-52, Suprem,e Court MSS C��-3, Fil.e No. 1736, Stat� Azc'rz�_sres,
S alem.
��1. Ibid , pp. 53-68, 75-78.
132. Ib�� r pp. lti-t�i.
133, Ibid ,�po �-33 anc see Slueprint map of t�cI�aeil Creek t;sed as an e�cY�i�it
in the case.
134. U. S. C�nsus 1880, Original kZeturns, Schedule 3, Mgrs., Saw�ilis, Linn County.
135. Transcript of Leb anan Lumber Co. v Leonard, pp. 2, 1Q.
136. Linn County Record of Liens, Book 4, p. 459,
1.�l. LQbclS'L�i1 �:X�3�QSS^HQVdIlC�� L1 �1L1F1� .1.7V 1.
138. Transcrigt of Lebanon I�um�er Co. v Leona�d, p. 205.
I39. �id ., PP• 21-22.
i40. Ibid., p. 165 and see abave text pp. 57-58.
141. Oregonian 3Q Mar �906, p_ 6 and see Timberman 7:Z0 (Aug I906), p. 23.
i42. Scio Santi.azn News, dates in text.
143. Testimony in Trullinger v Howe, p. 579, Supre�ne Court M5S 68A-3, FiJ.� 423,
State Archives.
144. Lebanon Exgress-Advance, dates in text.
I45. Testimony zn Tru].linger v Howe 1oc.cit Cari Brenna, Ac�ing Direc�or,
Division of 5ta.te Lands 3.eaxned £xom his mather-in-law Mrs. Leafa Williams,
Sublimi.t�r {28 I�ov 1980} that zn the period �905-12 a chute on Burraester
(B31yeu) Creek took logs ta a sawmill located at i�s mouth.
145. Interview with Leland Prather, 10 Dec 198a.
147. S taytO� Nail 6 N3ay 19I5.
�.48. Leland Prather znterview, �Q Dec �984.
149. Trul].inger v Howe e�ibit, loc. cit. ; see also Linn County Record of Li.ens ,
Book 4, �. 412 and Palk County Mechanics Liens Vo1. 1& 2, p. 3D6, Po�k
COUS3�T CQl1x�14US�� Bd115.
For a further referenc� ta recreational use of tY�� North and South Santiam
P,ivers, see ,7ohn Garrer�, Oregon River Tours (Portiand:Binford & Mort, 1974),
pp. 64-67, 1.fl9-114.